A halin yanzu, samar da zakara da naman kaza shahararren kasuwanci ne mai fa'ida. Samfurin mai kyau ana samun sa ne daga ingantacciyar al'ada mai tsabta ta mycelium, wanda, idan ana so, za'a iya girma a gida. Cikakken bayanin da aka gabatar a cikin labarin ya amsa tambayoyin menene mycelium kuma ta yaya za'a iya shuka shi da kyau.
Mene ne naman kaza mycelium da fasalin aikinsa
Mycelium ko wani suna, mycelium - jikin ganyayyaki na fungi (thallus) - tsari ne na mafi kyautuka filaching reshe ko hyphae. Thallus ya kasu kashi biyu:
- substratean tsara shi don haɗuwa da wani matattara da jigilar abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa;
- iskasamar da gabobin haihuwa a saman farfajiyar.
Hanyar sadarwar jini, kafa thallus, a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi na iya yaɗuwa a nesa mai nisa. Kuna iya ganin irin waɗannan lu'u-lu'u a cikin ƙasa tare da ido mara kyau, suna kama da farin farin auduga.
Mycelium yana aiwatar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci:
- inganta haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa abubuwan gina jiki;
- tare da taimakon enzymes, yana aiwatar da cellulose, samun abubuwa daga gare shi don ci gaba da haɓaka;
- yana da aikin karbuwa ga muhalli;
- shiga cikin ruwa kuma shine ke da alhakin kiyaye rikice-rikicen da aka haifar.
Mycelium gabobi ne mai matukar mahimmanci, ban da safararsa da aikinsa na gina jiki, yana da alhakin noman ciyayi na kwayoyin.
Nau'ikan myceliums da yadda suke kama
Akwai nau'ikan 7 na jikin ciyayi:
- Fim, wanda ke dauke da haske, daskararren sakakken hyphae daban-daban. Babban aikin shine a haɗe shi a cikin matattara da samun abubuwan gina jiki daga cellulose.
- Igiyar, wanda aka kirkira saboda karuwar karfin jini kuma shine yake da alhakin makalawa da yaduwar fungi saboda karfin reshe.
- Rhizomorphs su ne igiyar wuta mai ƙarfi kamar zaren launuka daban-daban, waɗanda ke yanke juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa mummunan yanayin mahalli.
- Rhizoctonia, wanda ke dauke da siraran filafilin filashi mai tarin yawa da kuma hidimtawa don hadewa da yaduwar kwayoyin halitta.
- Sclerotia an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar haɗa sarƙoƙi da zaren reshe sosai. Kamar rhizomorphs, yana taimaka wajan jure yanayin tashin hankali.
- Stroma ana yin su ne a wuraren hulɗa tare da nama na tsire-tsire mai masaukin baki, an haɗa shi sosai, kuma ana nufin su kiyaye ƙwayoyin fungal.
- Jikin Fruiting shine wurin samuwar da kuma balagar kayan fungal.
Don haka, mycelium tsari ne na musamman wanda ya shafi rarrabawa, abinci mai gina jiki da kuma haifar da fungi.
Me yasa ake samun mycelium
Babban dalilin noman thallus shine girbe namomin kaza da ake ci... Da zaran mutane suka fahimci cewa gungu-gungu suna aiwatar da aikin haifuwa, sai suka fara amfani da sassan naman kaza don kiwo a gida. Amma irin wannan samfurin bai samar da babban amfanin ƙasa ba.
Bayan lokaci, an yi ƙoƙari don noma albarkatun naman kaza mai tsabta don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da ɗorewa. A ƙarshen karni na 19 a Faransa ya yiwu a sami irin wannan al'adar naman kaza, wanda ya girma akan wani keɓaɓɓen kwaroron roba.
Mycelium mai girma ya nuna kyawawan halayen haɓaka. Ta amfani da fasahar samun thallus a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya zama zai yiwu a samar da naman kaza da aka noma akan sikelin masana'antu.
Yadda ake samun ingancin mycelium
Kafin ka fara naman namomin kaza, kana buƙatar gano inda zaka samo mycelium daga. An sami mafi ingancin mycelium a dakunan gwaje-gwaje... Irin wannan samfurin za a iya saya a cikin shaguna na musamman tare da bita mai kyau.
Idan ana so, ana iya girma mycelium a gida da kanku, bayan an shirya matattarar, yadda yakamata a tabbatar da yanayin muhalli da tsafta. Abu ne mai yiwuwa a aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin.
Babban abin da ake buƙata don cin nasarar naman kaza a gida shine yarda da yanayin zafin jiki, haske da tsabta.
Samun maganin mycelium da hannayenku hanya ce madaidaiciya ga masu naman naman kaza, saboda yana ba da damar gwada hanyar akan ƙaramin tsari kuma ba tare da tsada mai tsada ba.
Fasali na haɓaka fasaha
Fasahar girma mycelium da nufin kiwo champignons, kawa namomin kaza, zuma agarics ya shafi cikin tsari aiwatar da dama hanyoyin.
Farkon dabara don samun tsarkakakken al'ada daga champignon spores har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai don narkar da mycelium mai inganci, wanda ake kira igiyar ciki. Wannan hanyar tana ba ku damar shuka tsarkakakke, albarkatu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da amfani mai kyau kuma suna da kyawawan halaye.
Babban aikin mai naman kaza wajen samun mahaifar mahaifa shine kiyaye yanayin yanayi, ta yadda ba za a cutar da al’adun ba tare da kananan kwayoyin da ke cikin muhalli. Yarda da wannan ƙa'idar yana ba da tabbacin samfurin inganci tare da kyakkyawar ɗanɗano.
An dasa manyan spores ko ɓangare na jikin itinga onan itace a kan wani fili, wanda shine matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar abinci wort agar, oat ko karas agar.
An shirya kafofin watsa labaru a cikin tubes na gwaji, kuma bayan sun kafu, an gabatar da al'adun can tare da kayan aiki marasa amfani, wanda zai iya zama waya ko allurar saka tare da madauki a karshen. Don kiyaye ƙarancin ƙarfi, ana yin duk magudi kan wuta.
An rufe tubfunan tare da marufin auduga mai sanko kuma ana adana shi a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun kimanin digiri 24 a cikin makonni 2 har zuwa samuwar cikakken sankara. Ana iya adana al'adun jari a cikin bututu na dogon lokaci a zazzabi 1-2 digiri tare da sakewa lokaci-lokaci (sau ɗaya a shekara) don kula da kyawawan kaddarorin mycelium.
Mataki na gaba shine samun iri daga takin gargajiya ko hatsin mycelium. Mafi kyawun takin zamani an kirkireshi ne daga abubuwa masu zuwa:
- taki, zai fi dacewa doki ko saniya;
- bambaro;
- gypsum;
- yanki na alli;
- urea;
- superphosphate;
- garin alabaster.
Mai dacewa don amfani azaman alamar shirye takin... Ana sanya shi a cikin gwangwani na lita uku don 2/3 na ƙarar, ana yin ɓacin rai a tsakiya, ana mirgine gwangwani tare da murfin ƙarfe tare da rami na 2-3 cm a tsakiya. An kulle ramin tare da maɓallin auduga-gauze kuma bakararre sun wanzu.
A karkashin yanayin aseptic, an dasa mycelium na cikin mahaifa a cikin hutun takin ta wani rami a murfin, wanda aka sake rufewa bayan ƙarshen aikin. Ana gudanar da noman ƙwayar mycelium iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake yi wa mahaifar.
Don girma namomin kaza a gida, ya dace don samu hatsi mycelium... Saboda wannan, yana da mahimmanci a shirya hatsi yadda yakamata:
- Tafasa hatsi a cikin ruwa a cikin rabo na 1: 1.5 na minti 30-60 kuma sanyaya shi.
- Bushe hatsi kuma sanya shi a cikin kwalba ko jakunkuna polypropylene, cika su rabi.
- Bakara kayan da aka shirya.
- Shuka mycelium, kamar yadda yake a game da takin zamani.
Kyakkyawan al'adu suna da fararen furanni mai laushi ba tare da kore ko launin ruwan kasa ba. An yi amfani da mycelium na shuka da aka shirya don shuka girbin namomin kaza akan mayuka.
Samar da ingancin mycelium yana buƙatar wasu ƙwarewa da shiri cikin yanayin da kyau. Sabili da haka, kafin sauka zuwa kasuwanci, zai fi kyau a gwada noman ƙaramin yanki na amfanin gona da girbe amfanin gona na farko. Kwarewar da kuka samu zai kasance mai fa'ida sosai kuma zai ba ku damar kimanta duk fa'idodi da rashin fa'idar aikin naman kaza.