Masara ita ce ainihin '' sarauniyar gona '' - ɗayan hatsi mafi yalwa da ake nomawa a duk duniya. Sauƙaƙe ya dace da kowane yanayi, yawan samarwa mai kyau, amma tare da kyakkyawar kulawa bayan shuka.
Mutum na zahiri kowane abu daga masara kuma yana amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa - kunnuwa, alhariri na masara, sanduna da ganye. Wannan ba kayan abinci ne mai matukar amfani ba, asali ne na samar da magunguna, amma kuma babban abincin makiyaya ne na kiwon dabbobi (hatsi ya tafi kiwon kaji da aladu, itacen yana zuwa samar da silage).
An dasa kayan lambu a cikin Rasha da Ukraine, babban abu shi ne a lura da fasahar shuka, kuma a kula da ita bayan shukar ta bayyana yadda ya kamata.
Yadda ake shirya kernel na masara don dasawa
Masara - shuka mafi hatsi na thermophilic... Bugu da kari, mutane suna “nome shi” har hakan ba ya faruwa a cikin daji (ba zai iya watsa tsaba ba kuma ya yi tsiro da kansa). Sabili da haka, don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa don masara, ana buƙatar kulawa mai mahimmanci, kuma dole ne ya fara daga asalin iri.
Ingancin kayan abu, kayan amfaninsu suna da babban tasiri akan sakamakon ƙarshe.
Masarar masara na buƙatar takamaiman matakan shiri kafin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa.
- Da fari dai, gonaki na musamman sun tsunduma cikin noman hatsi don tsaba. Hakanan suna aiki akan haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan haɗuwa, suna ƙoƙari don ci gaba da haɓaka tushen iri.
- Abu na biyu, wasu gonaki na musamman suna shiga shiri na musamman na tsaba don shuka... Don yin wannan, an raba hatsi daga cobs, an tsabtace shi kuma an tsara shi sosai ta hanyar daraja. Sa'annan aka busar da tsaba kuma aka daddafe su - ana bi da su da shirye-shiryen kayan gwari na musamman wadanda ke kare tsaba daga fungal da sauran cututtukan kwayoyin cuta. Miya kariya ba wai kawai tsaba ba, har ma da tsire-tsire daga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa, la'akari da lokacin shuka.
- Na uku, suna aiwatar da tilas kayyadewa masarar masara, watau raba su zuwa kashi-kashi ta girman su. Wannan yana ba da cikakken lissafi na yawan iri a kowace kadada da daidaiton amfanin gona.
- Na huɗu, kafin shuka, iska-thermal dumama kwayar hatsi, wanda ke ƙaruwa da saurin yaɗuwar al'ada, rayuwar harbe-harbe a matakan farko.
Mafi kyawun magabata don masara
Don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa na kowane amfanin gona, ana taka muhimmiyar rawa juyawar amfanin gona, watau juyawar amfanin gona shekara-shekara a yankin shuka iri daya.
Dankali, hatsi da alkama na hunturu sune magabata mafi dacewa da masara. Kayan hatsinmu yana ba da amfani mai kyau bayan alfalfa a yankunan fallow.
Idan acidity na ƙasa bai wuce ƙa'idar - daga 5.5 zuwa 7 pH, gabatarwar tsari na takin da aka zaɓa daidai, ana iya shuka masara a matsayin monoculture, watau shekaru da yawa a jere akan wuraren da aka shuka.
Yanayin al'adu
Tunda masara itace mai son zafi, za'a iya shuka ta bayan ɗumi ƙasa da digiri 8-12 a zurfin kusan 10 cm.
Dangane da yanayin yanayin yankin, wannan yana faruwa kusan daga farko zuwa tsakiyar watan Mayu... Zurfin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa shine 5-6 cm, a yankuna masu bushewa - har zuwa 8 cm.
Mafi inganci shine shuka a cikin ɓaɓɓuka (in aka kwatanta da shuka kunya), tunda a wannan yanayin yana yiwuwa a haɗu da tsiro, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tushen tsarin, ƙarfafa tushen jijiyoyin, kuma, game da shi, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Yawa
Shuka da yawa ya dogara da yanayin ɗabi'ar girma yankin, manufa (hatsi ko silage), masara iri-iri (farkon balaga ko makara), matsakaicin tsayin balagaggun shuke-shuke.
La'akari da dukkan sigogin, ana kirga yawan nau'ikan shuka ko kuma aka zaba su daban-daban ta yadda kowace shuka zata samu isasshen danshi, haske, abubuwan gina jiki. Tana iya yin shakka daga 50 zuwa 120,000 tsaba / ha.
Misali, yawan kwayar halittar bishiyoyin farko a yankin steppe ya kamata ya zama yana da matsakaita dubu 60 a kowace kadada, kusan 40-45 shuke-shuke a cikin mita 10 tare da tazarar tazarar 0.7 m.
Shuka yawan tsaba a cikin kowace 1 a kilogiram
Yawan shuka, da kuma yawa, ya dogara da alamomi da dama: yankin girma, alkiblar amfani da amfanin gona, hanyar shuka, girman hatsin shuka, da halaye iri-iri na matasan da suka hadu.
Amfanin iri ya kan canza daga kilogiram 15 zuwa 25 a kowace kadada.
Bukatar seedling thinning
Yawancin lokaci ana shuka filayen masara da iri na pneumatic na musamman. Suna ba da “ɗigo” hanyar dasa iri a cikin ƙasa, suna kiyaye madaidaiciyar tazara tsakanin tsaba a jere kuma tsakanin layuka.
Don haka, ana shuka tsaba daidai lokacin da aka ba ta nesa da juna. Ruwa na seedlings ba a buƙata kuma baya ma'ana.
Fasaha mai tasowa
Tsarin shukokin masara mai sauki ne, ya hada manyan matakai da yawa:
- shuka kafin shuka - kaka huɗa filin zuwa zurfin 25-30 cm, idan ya cancanta, yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da maganin kashe ciyawa a lokaci guda a kan ciyawar ciyawa;
- noman kaka tare da hadi;
- hanyar bazara ta bazara tsoratarwa - da wuri (lokacin da ƙasa ta ƙazantu da ciyawa) da kuma noman shuke-shuke (zuwa zurfin shuka iri - 6-8 cm), gabatarwar takin zamani mai rikitarwa;
- shirye-shiryen tsaba don shuka;
- shuka masara, la'akari da lokaci da kuma yarda da ƙimar da zurfin zuriyar;
- pre-da post-fitowan tsoratarwa don lalata ciyawa da sassauta ƙasa;
- girbi (a ranar da ta gabata, ana girbe masara don silage, kuma lokacin da ƙwayar danshi ta kai 35-40%, ana girbe hatsi).
Idan kun bi ka'idoji na yau da kullun na fasahar noma, noman masara a gonaki na iya kawo riba mai amfani.
Babban yawan amfanin ƙasa da buƙata mai yawa sa al'adun su zama masu kyau don namo. A cikin ƙasashe na duniya, ana amfani da 20% na dukkan hatsi a masana'antar abinci, ana amfani da wannan adadin wajen samar da fasaha, ana amfani da sama da 60% don ciyarwa.
Toarfin dacewa da yanayin yanayi daban-daban ya ba masu shayarwa damar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin zamani. Duk wani manomi zai iya zabar irin matasan da suka dace da yanayin da aka basu kuma suyi kyakkyawan girbi.