Ire-iren apple din Antonovka ya kasance daya daga cikin yaduwa sosai a Rasha, Belarus da Ukraine na dogon lokaci. DA bashi ne ya bayyana a mafi yawan lokuta ba ga masu kiwo ba, amma ga masu kula da lambu... Yana cikin rukunin zaɓin mutane. Kuna iya fahimtar kanka da kwatancin da sake dubawa na masu lambu game da wannan nau'ikan da ke ƙasa.
Tarihin bayyanar iri-iri
Duk da shahararsa, Antonovka na waɗancan nau'ikan ne, abin da ya faru ba a san shi daidai ba. An yi imanin cewa ita baƙon abu ce wani samfurin na cultivar tare da daji daji apple.
Antonovka iri-iri ba sakamakon aikin masu kiwo bane. Yana da bashin bayyanarsa ga masu lambun son.
Gabaɗaya an yarda da hakan ta fito ne daga yankunan Kursk ko Tula... Wannan nau'in an fara bayyana shi a cikin 1848 ta N.I. Krasnoglazov a cikin aikinsa "Dokoki don 'ya'yan itace da ke girma a cikin buɗaɗɗun ƙasa, greenhouses, greenhouses."
A shekarar 1896 S.V. Batov (wanda ke zaune a Tula a wancan lokacin) ya gabatar da Tula Antonovka (a wasu kalmomin, "Ruhu") a baje kolin Nizhny Novgorod. A cewarsa, itacen tuffa ya samo sunansa Antonovka ne daga sunan mai kula da lambu Anton, wanda ya yi shi a karon farko a baya. Kuma sunan "iska" ya bayyana saboda ƙamshi mai ƙarfi ("ruhu") na 'ya'yan itacen.
Amma a lokaci guda, ba a bayyana nau'ikan Antonovka a cikin wani abu na A.T. Bolotov (kuma guda huɗu ne kawai daga cikinsu), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da sunaye 660 na nau'ikan apple da pear. Kuma a cikin 1906, a cikin littafinsa Atlas of Fruits, A.S. Grebnitsky ya rubuta cewa Antonovka ya sake shi na dogon lokaci, amma ba a san asalin ta ba.
Don bayyana wadannan hujjojin biyu da ba su dace ba, akwai ka'idar cewa Antonovka har yanzu yana cikin rajistar Bolotov, amma a ƙarƙashin suna daban... A waccan zamanin, da wahalar fahimtar ire-irensu, akwai rikici a cikin sunayensu. Ana iya kiran ɗayan shuka iri ɗaya a yankuna daban daban. Kuma Bolotov da kansa bai ware irin wannan yiwuwar ba.
Antonovka an keɓe shi azaman daban daban a cikin karni na 19... A cikin littafin "Apples na Rasha" mai ba da taimako M.V. Rytov ya gano kuma ya bayyana iri 17. Kuma tuni a 1929 I.V. Michurin da aka ambata 26 "iri" na Antonovka. A 1981, wanda E.N. ya buga "Kundin adireshin irin itacen apple" na Sedov ya jaddada cewa irin wannan adadi mai yawa na iri sun bayyana ne saboda shaharar Antonovka tsakanin masu lambu.
Antonovka iri: zinariya, imrus, bogatyr da sauransu
A halin yanzu 25 iri iri ne aka kirkira bisa asalin Antonovka... Daga cikinsu akwai:
- Zinare
- Imrus
- Bogatyr
- Memorywaƙwalwar jarumi
- Cherry
- Orlovim
- abokantaka na Jama'a
- Maris.
Yankunan girma na itacen apple
A yau, ana iya samun Antonovka a cikin biranen Moscow, Bryansk, Ryazan, Oryol, Kursk, Varonezh, Penza, Kaluga, yankunan Tula na Rasha, da Ukraine da Belarus.
Wasu nau'ikan suna girma har ma a cikin Altai, Urals, Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Bayanin bishiyoyi
Itacen talakawa na Antonovka yana da ƙarfi, tare da kambin m. Bayan lokaci, sai ya zama ya bayyana da kuma yaduwa. Manyan rassa suna tashi kuma suna girma zuwa ɓangarorin tsawon shekaru... Wannan aikin zai fara lokaci guda tare da 'ya'yan itace. An rufe rassa da ƙananan harbe-harbe da haushi mai ruwan kasa.
Ganyayyaki suna kore mai haske, oblong, an shaƙashi a gefuna. A lokacin furanni, inflorescences suna da girma, fari ko sunada hoda.
'Ya'yan itace
Antonovka nasa ne a farkon hunturu ko ƙarshen kaka iri. Yawancin lokaci, ana fara girbin 'ya'yan itatuwa a rabi na biyu na watan Satumba.... Talatar Antonovka itace ɗayan bishiyoyi masu bada amfani. Itacen yana fara ba da 'ya'ya a cikin shekaru 7-8 (bayan ya girma). A kan dwarf rootstocks, ana iya girbe amfanin gona na farko riga shekaru 2 bayan dasa shuki.
'Ya'yan itace Antonovka suna farawa ne kimanin shekaru 7-8 bayan dasa shuki.
'Ya'yan itacen Antonovka vulgaris babba tare da siffar zagaye. Haƙarƙarin haƙarƙarin yana da ƙarfi a cikin ƙaramin ɓangaren. A lokacin lokacin girki, suna koren mai launin rawaya. Gaba daya rawaya yayin ajiya. Theangaren litattafan almara kanta haske ne, mai daɗi, tare da bayyanannen ɗanɗano mai tsami.
Antonovka zinariya ta lokacin girki ana iya danganta shi da nau'ikan bazara. 'Ya'yan itaciyarta suna da daɗi da taushi. Mutum apples na iya auna nauyi zuwa gram 160. Kuma sun fara tattara su tuni a ƙarshen watan Agusta.
Yawan aiki da lokacin girbi
Yawan apples suna ƙaruwa yayin da bishiyar take girma. Za'a iya girbe 'ya'yan itace zuwa kilogram 200 daga itaciya mai shekaru ashirin a kowace shekara (200 kg / ha). Akwai lokuta yayin da aka girbe kilogram 500-1000 na apụl daga bishiyar Antonovka ɗaya. Da farko, 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun ne. Amma bayan lokaci, yakan zama na lokaci-lokaci (duk bayan shekaru biyu).
Amfanin daga itacen Antonovka ɗaya a kowace shekara ya kai kilogiram 150-200.
'Ya'yan itacen Antonovka suna girbe a ƙarshen Satumba - Oktoba. Babban mahimmin dabara shine tsinke tuffa kafin sanyi na farko, kuma zasu yi girma a wuri mai sanyi. An shirya apples ɗin lokacin da launin rawaya ya bayyana akan launin su, amma yanayin har yanzu yana da ƙarfi.
Don 'ya'yan itacen da za a adana su daɗe, dole ne a ɗauke su da hannu... Idan ka girgiza itace, tuffa zata faɗi kuma ta faɗi ƙasa. Kuma a wadannan wuraren zasu fara lalacewa a gaba. Tattara 'ya'yan itacen a cikin kwalaye na katako ko kwanduna, kuma bokiti na roba za su yi.
Adana tuffa
Amfani na uku na iri-iri shine tsawon lokacin ajiya, ajalinsa ya kai wata 3. Tare da kulawa da kulawa da kyau, wannan lokacin na iya ƙaruwa zuwa watanni 4.
Rayuwar rayuwar 'ya'yan Antonovka ya fi kwana 90. Kuma ya dogara da yankin da itacen yake girma. 'Ya'yan itacen da aka girbe a yankunan kudanci ana adana su a matsakaici na makonni biyu zuwa huɗu.
Wani fasali na musamman shine lokacin ajiyar ya dogara da yankin ci gaba. Don haka, ana iya adana tuffa da aka girbe a yankunan arewa cikin sauƙi har tsawon watanni huɗu. Haka kuma, bayan lokaci, dandanonsu yana inganta kawai. Amma 'ya'yan itacen daga yankunan kudanci suna lalacewa da sauri.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani na nau'ikan
Daga cikin manyan fa'idodin Antonovka akwai masu zuwa:
- Yayi kyau daidaitawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban
- Babban yawa
- Juriyar cuta da sanyi
- Babban marketability na 'ya'yan itãcen marmari
- Ba a sake maimaitawa ba dandano da kamshi
- Za'a iya cinye apples sabo ne, an jiƙa da kuma bayan sarrafawa
- 'Ya'yan itacen suna da kyawawan abubuwan amfani, masu kyau antioxidants.
Kamar kowane tsire-tsire, Antonovka yana da nasa raunin:
- 'Ya'yan itace lokaci-lokaci ne
- 'Ya'yan itacen ba duka iri ake adana na dogon lokaci ba.
Pollination
Antonovka itaciya ce mai ba da kai, ma'ana, tana buƙatar masu ba da launi. Mafi dacewa da waɗannan dalilai:
- Pepin saffron
- Welsey
- Kaka ratsi
- Anisi.
Saukowa
A mafi yawan Rasha, an dasa Antonovka har zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba... Tsire-tsire da aka dasa daga baya na iya ba su da lokacin yin tushe. Idan an shirya dasa bazara, to mafi kyawun lokaci shine ƙarshen Afrilu. A wannan yanayin, zai fi kyau a shirya wurin shuka a cikin damuna.
Loam da yashi mai yashi sun fi dacewa don dasa shuki. Matsayin ruwa dole ne ya zama aƙalla mita 3.
An shirya rami tare da girman kimanin mita 1 a diamita kuma zuwa zurfin 80 cm. Ana yin wannan makonni da yawa kafin a dasa. Wannan zai taimaka sahun shuka don ya samu sauƙi, ya ba bishiyar damar yin 'ya'ya a baya.
A lokacin dasa shuki, an shimfida ciyawar a ƙasan ramin kuma ana shayar da su da kyau. An saka fegi, tsayinsa ya fi matakin ƙasa. An zuba ƙasa mai ni'ima tare da takin mai magani (ma'adinai da na ɗabi'a) wanda ya kai tsayin cm 20 daga sama.Sannan sai a saukad da irin ciyawar kuma a rufe ta da ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, kuna buƙatar yin hankali tare da asalinsu don kada ku lalata su. Don duk abubuwan gina jiki su isa asalinsu, ana cire duk ganye daga tsiron.
Babu yadda za ayi a binne tushen abin wuya. Lokacin da aka rufe ciyawar gaba ɗaya, dole ne a ja shi kaɗan. Saboda wannan, abin wuya na tushen zai dan tashi sama da matakin kasa, kuma babu iska tsakanin tushen. Ana danganta tsire-tsire a kan fegi. Sa'an nan kuma an shayar da ƙasa sosai, mulched. A cikin watan farko ko biyu, ana shayar mako-mako.
An dasa shukokin Antonovka a nesa fiye da mita 1 daga juna.
Kulawa
Antonovka ya girma sosai har ma a ƙananan ƙasashe, inda yawanci matsalolin lambu ke tasowa. Amma a dabi'ance, suna bukatar kulawa mai kyau.
Don ingantaccen 'ya'yan itace, bishiyoyi suna buƙatar danshi. Amma a kan kasa da yawan danshi ko, akasin haka, a kan busassun kasa, Antonovka yana ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Bayan ruwan sama mai karfi, kasar da ke kusa da bishiyar na bukatar yanayi.... Ana iya yin hakan da farar hula na yau da kullun ko sandar ƙarfe, kawai huda ƙasa zuwa zurfin cm 30. A lokacin fari da yanayin zafi mai yawa, sau ɗaya a mako, Antonovka dole ne a shayar da shi sosai.
A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, kulawa mai kyau tana da mahimmanci musamman ga shukoki. Ya haɗa da stepsan matakai kaɗan:
- Top miya takin zamani
- Kariya daga cututtuka da kwari
- Loossening kasar gona da'irar akwati da kuma cire sako
- Lokaci shayarwa
- Daidai yankan.
Wani muhimmin tsari shine mulching. Don ƙarin shuke-shuke da suka manyanta, ana iya shuka dawafin kusa-kusa da siderates.
Taki
Don ingantaccen frua frua, itacen apple dole ne a ciyar sau 4 a shekara:
- 1 saman miya... A cikin bazara, har zuwa lokacin fure, ana ciyar da Antonovka da urea a cikin adadin 50-500 g, ya danganta da girma da shekarun itacen. An ba da takin mai magani kan ƙasa ƙarƙashin rawanin itacen.
- 2 ciyarwa... Tare da bayyanar furanni, ana amfani da potash da takin mai phosphorus, slurry da urea.
- 3 ciyarwa da za'ayi tare da takin mai magani nitrogen yayin narkar da 'ya'yan itacen.
- 4 saman miya bayan girbi. Ana kara potassium da phosphorus.
Pruning da kuma siffar kambi
Lokaci guda tare da ciyarwa a cikin bazara ya zama dole a datsa kambi... Ana yin wannan makonni biyu kafin farkon lokacin girbi. A lokaci guda, bushe da rassa masu lalacewa, an cire harbe-harben daji, an fitar da kambin.
Kariya daga cututtuka da kwari
Antonovka, kamar kowane tsire-tsire, yana buƙatar kariya daga kwari da cututtuka.
Zai yiwu a kashe har zuwa kashi 90% na kwari akan bishiya ta hanyar magance guba a cikin lokacin har sai furannin sun bayyana.
Don yin wannan, yi amfani da malofos 0.1% ko rovikurt 0.1%. Nan gaba kadan, lokacin da kodan suka bayyana, yi amfani da ruwan Bordeaux 3%. Ita, kawai a cikin nauyin 1%, ana amfani dashi don yaƙi da cututtuka yayin zubar da petal. Don wannan dalili, ana amfani da 0.4% na jan ƙarfe. Dukkanin magungunan kashe kwari sun fi kyau ayi maraice, kafin faduwar rana.... An yarda da aikin dare idan babu raɓa. Ana tattara ganyen da ya faɗo a ƙone shi.
Caterpillars da bishiyoyi waɗanda suka bayyana akan bishiyoyi ana tattara su da hannu kuma an kashe su. Wasps zai taimaka daga kwari kwari. Tsirrai masu laima (alal misali, dill) da aka dasa kusa da itacen apple zai taimaka don jawo hankalinsu zuwa itacen.
Dadi da ƙamshi na musamman, ƙwarin sanyi, tsawon rayuwa - waɗannan sune manyan halayen da ke jan hankalin masu lambu... Duk da fitowar sabbin nau'ikan apple, Antonovka har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun iri da aka fi so.