Fure ceri shuki ne na ɗan itace wanda ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman ga masu lambu da masu kiwo. Wannan bishiyar asalinta ta Asiya ce kuma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 ne kawai aka san ta a matsayin tsire-tsire ta lambu a Turai da Amurka. An bayyana saurin shaharar da aka ji tsakanin masu lambu cikin sauƙi - ɗanɗano na ban mamaki na thea fruitan itacen da babban tasirin ado na daji.
Halin hali
Wurin da yake daɗaɗaɗɗen wurin ceri shine tsaunukan ƙasar China, Koriya da Mongolia. Akwai shaidar tarihi da ke nuna cewa a baya an samu wakilan wannan nau'in a gabar kudu ta tekun Bahar Rum. Amma ba su sami daraja a tsakanin masu lambu ba kuma ba a shigar da su cikin al'ada ba. Mai yiwuwa saboda rashin ingancin 'ya'yan itacen.
Cheraunar ceri ta sami daraja a Rasha bayan IV Michurin ya bayyana ta. Bayan dasa gwaji da kimanta halaye, sai ya lura da mahimmancin wannan nau'in na ceri don noman a cikin lambu.
Chera cheran ceri shrub ne mai ɗauke da katako da dama da suka kai tsayin 1.5 zuwa 2 m da kambi mai yaɗuwa. Yana da matukar wuya a sami tsire-tsire masu tsayi har zuwa 3 m ko fiye. Perennial harbe - launin ruwan kasa haske, mai yawa da kuma lokacin farin ciki. Harbe-harbe na shekara-shekara sune koren-launin ruwan kasa tare da fruita fruitan itace latea threean itace a gewaye. Tsarin 'ya'yan itace suna aiki na shekaru 3-4.
Halin halayyar shrub shine balaga na kututture, ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Wannan aikin kariya ne na shuka akan abubuwan waje. Gashi (trichomes) yana nuna hasken rana, yana hana zafin rana na shrub. Allyari, wannan yana sa thea fruitan itacen su zama masu tsayayya da jigilar kaya da ajiya. Gashi mai laushi mai laushi haɗuwa kamar kamannin ji, wanda ke bayyana takamaiman sunan - yaji ceri.
Leavesananan ganyen oval tare da farfajiyar ƙasa. A lokacin rani suna da launi a cikin duhun kore mai duhu, a lokacin kaka suna sayan lemu mai lemu. Blossom lokaci guda tare da furanni.
Furen furanni ne ruwan hoda, a hankali ya zama fari. Lokacin fure yana farawa a ƙarshen Mayu kuma yana ɗaukar kwanaki 10 zuwa 15. A wannan lokacin, tasirin ado na shrub ya kai matuka. Furannin da ke kan gajeriyar ɗan tsutsa suna manne sosai a kan mai tushe, kuma shrub ɗin yana ɗaukar kamannin ƙwallo mai girma. Furanni suna jure yanayin zafi kamar -3 ° C.
'Ya'yan itacen shrub sune polymorphic - sun bambanta ƙwarai da gaske a cikin nau'ikan iri daban-daban da kuma tsirrai a cikin wani jinsi. Matsakaicin nauyin Berry daya ya kasance daga 1 g zuwa g g 4. Launin 'ya'yan itacen daga ruwan hoda ne zuwa cherry mai duhu, sau da yawa zaka iya samun shrubs tare da farin berries. Pulangaren litattafan almara yana da m kuma dandana daga mai dadi zuwa mai dadi-m. A ciki akwai ƙananan ƙashi mara rabuwa.
Lokacin 'ya'yan itace iri daban-daban ya bambanta, daga tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta. A matsakaita, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 10. Dorewar 'ya'yan itace a kan rassa yana da girma. Dogaro da iri-iri, daga daji ɗaya, zaka iya tattarawa daga kilogiram 5.5 zuwa kilogiram 14 na berries.
Juriya mai sanyi da aka ji da ceri yana da tsayi - shrub na iya jure yanayin zafi har zuwa -40 ° C. Matsakaicin tsananin hunturu, raunin rauni na shrub shine tushen abin wuya podoprevanie. Cherry yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, daga shekaru 8 zuwa 10.
Bayanin nau'ikan ji da ceri
Don ingantaccen zaɓe da tsayayyen amfanin ƙasa na shekara-shekara, ya kamata a dasa ire-iren wannan nau'in akan shafin. Wani zaɓi mai ban sha'awa: ta hanyar haɗa nau'ikan daban-daban tare da lokutan da suka nuna, za ku iya girbe sabon amfanin gona tsakanin kwanaki 40-45.
Mashahuri iri:
- Gimbiya Karamin (1.2-1.5 m) da tsire-tsire masu yawan gaske. 'Ya'yan itacen suna nuna a cikin shekaru goma na Yuli. Bushaya daga cikin daji na iya tattara kilogiram 10 na berries. Nauyin 'ya'yan itace 3-4 g, dandano mai dadi tare da karamar acidity. 'Ya'yan itacen suna nuna bayan 20 ga Yuli. Fa'idodi: babu ci gaban tushe, juriya ga coccomycosis. Rashin fa'ida: rashin haihuwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali ga cutar sankara.
- Gaisuwa. Shrub, ya kai tsayi na mita 1.6. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a farkon Yuli, berries daga 2 zuwa 4 g, dandano mai daɗi. Yawan aiki kilogiram 11 a kowace daji. Halin halayyar berry shine keɓe ɓoye a farfajiya. Abvantbuwan amfãni: haifuwar kai da kuma ado mai kyau. Rashin amfani: mai saukin kamuwa da cutar moniliosis.
- Hikaya. Shananan shrub har zuwa 1.3 m. Cikakken 'ya'yan itacen a ƙarshen Yuli. Berries daga 3 zuwa 3.5 g, samar da har zuwa 10 kg. Daɗin ɗanɗano na berries yana da daɗi da tsami. Fa'idodi: tsananin wuya na hunturu, rabewar bushewar 'ya'yan itace. Rashin fa'ida: rashin haihuwa kai, rashin juriya ga moniliosis, murkushe 'ya'yan itatuwa tare da babban girbi.
- Natalie. Rubarfin shrub mai ƙarfi, ya kai tsayi har zuwa mita 2. Frua Fruan itacen ripa Fruan itacen sun fara daga 10 zuwa 15 ga Yuli. Matsakaicin nauyin berries shine 5 g, ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da yawa, dandano yana da daɗi da tsami. Amfanin shrub na girma shine 6-7 kg. Tsammani na rayuwa shine shekaru 18. Fa'idodi: dorewar shrub dangi da sauran nau'ikan wannan nau'in. Rashin amfani: murkushe 'ya'yan itatuwa tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙwarewa zuwa babban zafi.
- Damanka... Rubarfafa shrub har zuwa 3.2 m a tsawo. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna da sheƙi, kusan baƙi a launi, suna yin nauyi kimanin 3. Girman matsakaita yana ba da kilogram 8 a kowace daji. 'Ya'yan itacen berry suna cikakke a ƙarshen Yuli a farkon watan Agusta. Amfani: kyawawan 'ya'yan itatuwa, waɗanda ake ɗauka mafi kyau a tsakanin nau'ikan wannan nau'ikan, juriya ga moniliosis. Rashin fa'ida: rashin haihuwa da kanshi, hankali ga fari.
Girma
Duk da nau'ikan, yaji ceri din ya banbanta da na ceri na kowa da kuma ceri na steppe, ta dukkan alamu ya fi kusa da sauran amfanin gona: plum, apricot and peach.
Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan fasalin yayin noman ciyawar wannan nau'in.
Zaɓi da shirye-shiryen shafi don shuka
Fushen ceri yana son tsananin haske da yaduwa. A cikin tsire-tsire masu kauri ko a wuraren inuwa, an harbe harbe, kuma itinga fruan itace yana raguwa.
Lokacin zabar shafin dasa, yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da babban rashin amfani da yaji cherries - tallafawa tushen abin wuya.
Wannan lalacewar yakan faru ne a lokacin hunturu lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara mai danshi ta shimfiɗa akan ƙasa mara sanyi. Idan tushen abin wuya ya lalace, ci gaban masu tsotsewar sai ya tsaya, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar shrub.
Sabili da haka, kuna buƙatar zaɓar wani shafi a kan tudu inda murfin dusar ƙanƙara yake a cikin siraran sirara. Don rage haɗarin podoprevaniya a cikin faɗuwa, kuna buƙatar girgiza ƙasar da ke kusa da abin wuya zuwa zurfin 7-10 cm kuma zuba yashi mara nauyi cikin ramin.
Itacen shrub yana girma sosai a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da yashi mai yashi tare da haske mai haske da hawan sama mai girma tare da zurfin zurfin ƙasa wanda bai wuce mita 3. Babban tushen tushen ƙarar ceri suna cikin zurfin 35 cm, saboda haka ya kamata a tsara wannan ƙasa ta ƙasa kuma ta wadatu da abubuwan gina jiki.
An tono yankin da aka zaɓa kuma a lokaci guda ana amfani da takin mai magani don kowane 1m2:
- taki ko takin kilogiram 15;
- potassium chloride 120 g;
- superphosphate 250g.
Bayan haka, an kafa rami mai dasawa tare da katangar katako mai faɗin 50 cm kuma zurfin cm 45. An keɓe ɓangaren sama na ƙasa don cika ramin nan gaba. An shirya maƙarƙashiya da ramin dasa shuki don bazara a lokacin bazara, don kaka lokacin bazara.
Yadda ake dasawa da kulawa da dasa bishiyoyi a yankin Moscow?
Za a iya dasa cherries da aka ji a cikin bazara da faɗuwa. Ganin matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na shrub, gogaggen lambu sun ba da shawarar yin hakan a lokacin bazara, lokacin da aka sami tsayayyen zafin jiki na + 15 ° C. A wannan yanayin, tsire-tsire zai ƙarfafa tsarin tushensa da abubuwan haɗin saman. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin tabbacin rayuwa fiye da lokacin dasa shuki a cikin damuna.
Don dasa shuki, zaɓi ɗan tsiro har zuwa shekaru biyu. Kayan shuka mai inganci - seedling har zuwa 1 m a tsayi, tare da lafiyayyen tushe aƙalla 25 cm a tsayi kuma tare da ɗimbin asalinsu.
Don cika ramin dasa za ku buƙaci:
- taki ko takin guga 3;
- superphosphate 40 g;
- potassium chloride 20 g;
Wadannan abubuwan an hade su da kasar da aka ajiye. Idan yawan acidity na kasar yayi yawa, sai a kara su 300 g lemun tsami. Kyakkyawan zaɓi shine layin magudanar ruwa a ƙasan ramin da aka yi da dutsen dutsen niƙa, wanda zai daidaita ƙwancin acid ɗin da ke cikin ruwan kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya malalo daga cikin ramin. A ƙasan ramin, kuna buƙatar tsayawa kan gungumen (1.5 m) don ɗaure ƙwaya. Makircin da aka ba da shawarar don dasa shrubs 2x1m ne.
A tsakiyar ramin, kana buƙatar ƙirƙirar tuddai da shimfiɗa tushen ceri a samansa. Yana da mahimmanci cewa tushen abin wuya ya kasance sama da matakin ƙasa da kimanin cm 5. Wannan zai hana shi zurfafawa bayan ƙanƙantar da ƙasa. Tushen tsiron an rufe shi da cakuda ƙasa kuma saman yana matsewa.
Ana buƙatar shayar da ɗanyen da bokiti 2-3 na ruwan dumi kuma, bayan ƙasa ta lafa, cika ƙasan da ƙasa. Bayan haka, ana mulmula da'irar kusa da peat ko sawdust.
Sashin iska na dasa shuki dan shekara daya ya ragu da dasa 30 bayan dasa shuki. A cikin shuki dan shekara biyu, ya rage har zuwa rassa 6 masu karfi, suna rage su da 1/4.
Kulawa da shuka
Lokacin kula da jin cherries, yana da mahimmanci a tuna game da raunin raunuka na shrub: thickening na kambi, mai saukin kamuwa da cututtukan fungal da tallafawa tushen tsarin. Sauran ceri basu da kyau kuma baya buƙatar aiki na musamman na mai kula da lambu.
Dokokin kulawa na asali:
- Shayarwa. Ban ruwa ana yin sa ne kawai a cikin yanayin busassun ƙasa, koyaushe yana sarrafa matakin zafi.
- Iyakancewa. Cherries suna kula da acidity na ƙasa. Tare da karkacewa mai ƙarfi daga matsakaicin aikin alkaline a cikin shrub, metabolism yana damuwa. Wannan yana shafar 'ya'yan itace nan da nan, sabili da haka ana yin liming na ƙasa kowane shekara 5.
- Rigakafin cututtuka. M magani tare da fungicides a kaka da kuma bazara. Ana aiwatar da wannan aikin a watan Satumba kafin hutun toho a cikin bazara. Don wannan, ana fesa itacen da ruwan Bordeaux.
- Top miya. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko, ƙwaya ba ta buƙatar a ciyar da ita. Ana ciyar da bishiyun manya sau biyu a kakar. A cikin kaka bayan girbi a cikin da'irar akwati ta 1 m2 kawo: superphosphate (15 g), potassium chloride (20 g), a lokacin bazara kafin hutun toho - ammonium nitrate (20 g).
- Ana shirya don hunturu. Matasa suna lanƙwasa a ƙasa kuma an rufe su da rassan spruce ko bambaro. An dunƙule da'irar kututture tare da peat (30 cm).
- Kwari. Kwari da wuya kwari ke damun shrub din. Haɗarin cherries shine kawai kayar da rukunin yanar gizon ta aphids da scabbards. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da magungunan kwari masu sinadarai.
Hanya mai mahimmanci a cikin girma shrubs shine pruning. Dole ne a gudanar da shi kowace shekara don taƙaita rawanin.
Yankan
Shrubs na kowane nau'in cherries na wannan nau'in suna daɗaɗa kambi. Wannan yana rage tasirin su sosai, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci ƙirƙirar kambi da kiyaye ƙimar girma mafi kyau a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Samuwar kambi na daji ana aiwatar dashi a shekara ta uku bayan dasa shuki. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar zaɓar ranar rana a tsakiyar Maris, shirya mai kaɗa mai datti da gonar var.
Ana gudanar da pruning kafin farawar ruwan itace, wanda aka kunna a farkon lokacin farkawa daga koda. Idan ba a rasa waɗannan wa'adin ba, zai fi kyau a jira har zuwa kaka, lokacin da bishiyar ta shiga cikin yanayin makwancin dangi. In ba haka ba, daji zai bata kuzari kan dawo da raunin da ya faru, kuma ya tafiyar da ayyukan ci gaban. Sau da yawa, ceri ba shi da lafiya.
Matakan yanke:
- zaɓi 10-12 na rassan da suka fi ƙarfi;
- cututtuka, lalacewa da busassun rassa an cire su gaba ɗaya;
- ci gaban da ya haura 50 cm an taƙaita su da 1/4.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya kamata koyaushe ku bi waɗannan sigogin, kuna sarrafa haɓakar haɓaka. Aikin pruning na shekara-shekara shine iyakar damar haske zuwa kambin.
Yayin da daji ya tsufa, ana yin sabon tsire-tsire. Da yawa an harbe gefen yayin wannan aikin. A sakamakon haka, harbe-harbe na shekara-shekara za su bayyana kusa da yanke. Bayan wannan, ya zama dole a datse duk tsoffin harbe-harben da ke sama da su. Ana yin irin wannan pruning don haɓaka ci gaba da dawo da daskararrun ciyawar.
Ana yin sassan ne kawai a kan kodan da aka bunkasa a wata 'yar gangare. Don haka, ruwa ba zai tara akan farfajiyar da aka yanke ba. Lokacin cire dukkanin rassa, ana yin yankan tare da dutsen dutsen annular, ƙeta wannan dokar tana haifar da samuwar wuce gona da iri. Dole ne a rufe manyan raunuka tare da bakin ciki na lambun varnish.
Sake haifuwa
Fresh ceri yana yaduwa ta hanyar tsaba, cuttings da layering. Kowace hanya tana da halaye na kansa, dangane da abin da ya wajaba don zaɓar zaɓi mafi dacewa. Yada yaduwa
Lokacin zabar kayan shuka, yana da mahimmanci a kula da yanayin daji. Kyakkyawan halayen halaye sun mallaki ofa ofan fruitsa fruitsan itace cikakke, companƙangan bishiyoyi ba tare da faduwar rassan masu ciwo ba tare da haushi mai lafiya mai walƙiya.
An raba tsaba daga ɓangaren litattafan almara, a wanke da ruwa kuma an bushe a busasshiyar farfajiya a cikin ɗakin inuwa. Bayan haka, ana sanya su a cikin yadudduka na yashi kuma a cire su zuwa daki mai sanyi.
Kasusuwa ana shukawa kafin hunturu. Saboda wannan, an shirya tudu na iska mai iska mai kyau da nome sosai a gaba. Ana shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa kwanaki 15 kafin sanyi.
Matakan shuka:
- an kafa fur tare da zurfin 2 cm kuma tazarar tazarar 30 cm an kafa akan saman dutsen;
- an shuka kasusuwa tare da yashi a nisan 50 cm daga juna;
- an dasa amfanin gona da sawdust ko peat;
- bayan bayyanar ganye na huɗu, ana tsire tsire-tsire, suna barin ƙwararru masu ƙarfi kawai;
- lokacin da tsire-tsire suka girma zuwa 30 cm, tsunkule 1/3 na tushen asalin;
- har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin noman, ana yin takin uku tare da takin mai magani nitrogenous;
- shayarwa kawai a cikin busassun yanayi, sau biyu a mako.
Ana dasa tsiron zuwa wuri na dindindin bayan shekaru biyu. Shuke-shuken da aka dasa ta wannan hanyar sun fara ba da 'ya'ya bayan shekaru 4.
Abubuwan da aka ji daɗin ƙwarin ceri shine matsakaicin adana halaye na mahaifiya lokacin da aka shuka ta cikin seedsa seedsan. Wannan dukiyar ba ta da yawa kuma a cikin al'adu da yawa ana bayyana ta ne a lokacin haifuwa da ciyayi.
Yada yaduwa ta hanyar yankewa a kaka da bazara
Babban hanyar ganyayyaki ta yaduwar cherries shine ta hanyar kore cuts. An girbe kayan shuka a cikin shekaru goma na farkon Yuni daga haɓakar matasa, lokacin da suka isa 15-20 cm.
Hanyoyin kiwo:
- an yanke kara tare da 3-4 buds daga girma;
- an yi ƙananan yanke a ƙarƙashin ƙodar, lura da kusurwar gangaren 45 °, na sama sama da kodar - a kwance;
- an sanya cuttings na awanni 12 a cikin haɓakar haɓaka - maganin heteroauxin (30 ml) da ruwa (1 l);
- a cikin greenhouse, calcined sand (4-5 cm) an zubo shi akan layin ƙasa mai wadata;
- ana shuka cuttings a cikin substrate a nesa na 15 cm a wani kwana na 60 °, barin biyu buds a farfajiya.
Yankan zai yanke cikin kwanaki 25-30. A wannan lokacin, greenhouse yana buƙatar kula da babban ɗumi kuma a hankali yana shayar da substrate. Kafin dasa shuki a cikin wuri na dindindin, shrub din ya girma har tsawon shekara ɗaya a cikin greenhouse ko kan tudu. Ta wannan hanyar haifuwa, shrub din zai fara bada 'ya'ya bayan shekara uku.
Feltara jin cherries yana da ban sha'awa ba kawai ga masoyan shirye-shiryen girke-girke masu inganci ba. 'Ya'yan itacen shrub suna da kyawawan halaye na abinci kuma ana amfani dasu cikin nasara na atherosclerosis da hauhawar jini. Ana daraja masu zane da shimfidar wuri mai faɗi, sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a shinge ko a matsayin samfurin shuka.
Kuma a ƙarshe, ɗan gajeren bidiyo akan yadda za'a kula da ƙoshin cherries (gami da waɗanda suke burgundy) a cikin yankin Moscow: