Duk yara da manya suna son cin masara mai zaki. Akwai wuri koyaushe don dasa shuki, yana iya zama ko iyakar shinge ko tsakiyar shafin. Babban abu shine cewa akwai gado mai haske da hasken rana. Ya kamata farkon masu aikin lambu su san abubuwan da suka shafi fasahar noma kafin fara aikin shuka. La'akari da yankin, ya zama dole a yanke shawara ko aji tsoron sanyi a cikin bazara da dasa masara, tabbas a kula da wannan lamarin.
Yaushe za a shuka masara a cikin bazara a yankin Moscow, Siberia da Urals?
Bai kamata ku yi hanzarin dasa tsaba a cikin buyayyar ƙasa ba, ba za su yi tsiro a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi ba. A cikin kudancin Rasha, dasa shuki a dachas yana farawa a farkon Mayu... Don yanki na tsakiya da yankin Moscow, ana sauya sharuɗɗan sau da yawa ta makonni 2-3. Nau'in da ke jurewar sanyi yana samar da shuka da wuri, duk da haka, don kare ƙananan harbe daga daskarewa, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da kayan rufi da dare. Idan yanayin yanayi bai ba da izinin fara shuka ba, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar shuka iri don amfanin gona, wanda ya saba da Urals da Siberia.
Yanayin yanayi na Siberia yana ba da damar samun 'ya'yan bishiyar madarar madarar ruwa; cikakke ba ya faruwa saboda yanayin yanayi. Shuka yana farawa a ƙarshen Mayu ko farkon Yuni. Masana ba su ba da shawarar jika tsaba; ya isa a yi da dasa masara mai kyau. Kuma don tsirar da harbe da sauri, ana amfani da murfin agrofibre mai baƙar fata. Yana jan hankalin rana, yana haifar da kyakkyawan yanayi don ci gaban tsiro.
Kwanan lokacin sauka suna nuni. Kuna buƙatar fara aiki la'akari da yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa mai ɗumi. Ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 10-12 ° C.
Shin shuka zata iya jure sanyi kuma wane zafin jiki yake jurewa a bazara?
Kudancin Amurka da tsakiyar tsakar nahiyar ana ɗaukarsu mahaifar masara, wanda ke nuna al'adar ƙaunata da zafi. Dole masu shayarwa su yi da yawa ƙoƙari don haifar da iri da kuma hybrids waɗanda suke da tsayayya ga yanayin sanyi... Tsaba da aka dasa a buɗaɗɗen ƙasa da tsire-tsire suna tsayayya da mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na -1-2 ° C, kuma wasu matasan sun kai har zuwa -4 ° C. Wannan babbar nasara ce, saboda mafi kyawun alamomin zafin rai wanda yabanya ya bunkasa sune 12-18 ° C (ƙarancin ilimin ilimin halitta an ƙaddara shi da kewayon 8-10 ° C).
Yawan saurin tsire-tsire na canje-canje dangane da tsarin zafin jiki. Mafi ƙarancin nazarin halittu yana tabbatar da tsirarrun harbewa a cikin kwanaki 18-20, yayin da a + 20 °, harbe ya bayyana sama da ƙasa a cikin kwanaki 5-8.
Lokacin dasa shukar masara a karo na farko, kuna buƙatar mayar da hankali kan matsakaicin zazzabin kowane wata. A matsayin yanar gizo na aminci, yakamata ku shirya kayan rufi wanda zai kare shuke-shuke daga yanayin sanyi.
Yadda ake shuka masara a waje?
Don haɓaka amfanin gonar da muke so, dole ne mu bi wasu ƙa'idodin yadda za mu shuka amfanin gona. Shuka tsaba a kan lokaci, dasa shuki akan lokaci, ka tuna cewa masara, kamar kowane mazaunin gonar, yana tsoron sanyi, da kyar zai iya jurewa (bayan haka, Siberia ba Ukraine bane), haka nan kuma sassauta ƙasa da ciyar da shukar a cikin lokaci. Ya dogara da yadda zai girma da kuma fruitsa fruitsan itace daga gidan rani waɗanda zasu bayyana a gida.
Yadda ake shuka tsaba da dasa shuki
Kuna iya dasa shuki a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa ta iri da ƙwaya. Don madaidaiciyar shuka iri don shuki a gida, ana amfani da kaset (ƙwayoyin da ke da girma 45 cm2) ko tukwanen peat (diamita 12 cm). Kwantena suna cike da ƙasa mai ni'ima, gauraye daidai gwargwado tare da humus ko takin. Don rage aikin ban ruwa, an ƙara hydrogel zuwa gawar ƙasar. Wannan bangaren yana baka damar kara danshi abun cikin daskararren, yana rage yawan hanyoyin da ake dasawa da shuka sau 3-4.
A lokacin bazara, kafin shuka, dole ne a jika tsaba, ana ɓatar da su a cikin rigar mai danshi na kwanaki 5-7. Bayan jiƙa, an binne hatsi da suka kumbura cikin kwantena da aka shirya da 3-4 cm (an saka guda 3-4 a cikin tukwanen, guda 2 a cikin cassette cell).
Furewar iri ta yi jinkiri. A wannan matakin, yana da mahimmanci a kula da yanayin zafin da ake buƙata da haske mai kyau.... Tare da rashin haske na halitta, ana sanya fitilun hasken rana, don haka zasu yi girma da sauri. Bayan samuwar ganye 3-4 a kan harbe-harben, ya kamata a cire raunana mara ƙarfi, a bar kawai tsirrai masu kyan gani. Mako guda kafin a canza shukoki zuwa buɗaɗɗen ƙasa, ya zama dole a taurara yau da kullun don daidaitawa da mazauninsu.
Saukowa a cikin bazara a cikin ƙasa a lokacin bazara, makirci
Don gadajen masara, zaɓi wuri ba tare da inuwa ba. Shuka mai-jure fari ne, ɗayan mahimman yanayi don lokacin girma shine isasshen adadin hasken rana. Yarda da tsarin shuka an dauke shi mahimmin mahimmanci, saboda masara jinsin giciye ne. Saboda wannan dalili, ana kafa gado daga layuka da yawa, in ba haka ba akwai yuwuwar samun matsala tare da yin ƙura. Encedwararrun lambu suna amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan shuki masu zuwa:
- layuka tare da tsaba 2 a kowane rami (tazara tsakanin ramuka 35 cm, tazarar jeri yana 45-50 cm);
- ta hanyar hanyar murabba'i mai faɗi (tazara tsakanin tsirrai itace 45 cm a kowane fanni ko harbe 9 a kowane m2).
Shirya kasar gona don shuka amfanin gona
Dole ne a cire yankin gadon gonar a hankali, cire duk ragowar tsire-tsire da ciyawa. Zai fi kyau a yi haka a lokacin bazara, don haka bayan an tona, tsutsa da kwari za su daskare a farkon sanyi. Theasa za ta kasance a shirye don dasa masara idan an shuka umesan hatsi ko na kabewa, dankali, kabeji a gabanta.
Rataccen taki shine mafi dacewa da taki.... Productsananan kayan ma'adinai waɗanda ke wadatar da ƙasa tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suma sun dace. Tsarin ƙasa dole ne ya zama sako-sako don tsarin tushen ya bunkasa ba tare da hanawa ba. An tsinke ƙasa mai nauyi da yankakken bambaro ko sawdust.
Da farko an kwance ƙasa, sannan an bayyana wuraren ramuka. Zurfin nitsarwar zuriyar an ƙaddara la'akari da abubuwa biyu: mataki na danshi na ƙasa da yanayin tsaba (bushe ko tsire-tsire). An saka hatsi kumbura a cikin ƙasa mai danshi da dumi zuwa zurfin 3-4 cm, bushe - ta 5-6 cm.
Ci gaban kowace al'ada yana sauƙaƙa musamman ta kusancin wasu tsire-tsire. Sahabbai masu zuwa sun dace da masara: cucumber, kabewa, wake, da sauran wake. Idan an dasa shi tsakanin layuka, kamar cucumber, yana da mahimmanci a bar isasshen sarari don tabbatar da cewa duka kayan lambu suna wadatar da kyau.
Kula bayan dasa shuki don kada ku ji tsoron sanyi
Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar masara tsire-tsire marasa daɗi wanda ke buƙatar weeding kawai. Koyaya, ba haka bane. Don samun girbi mai kyau da kunnuwa tare da kyakkyawan dandano, dole ne ku bi ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi na kulawa.
Shayarwa
Masara na son danshi, zata iya sha har lita 4 a kowace rana. Amma wannan baya nufin cewa gonar tana bukatar cikawa. Ruwan ruwa yana jinkirta ci gaban tsarin tushen, yana canza launi na ganye (ruwan hoda ya bayyana). Wadannan dalilai suna yin barazana ga yawan amfanin gona, don haka ya kamata a gudanar da ban ruwa la'akari da matakin danshi na ƙasa. Lissafin ƙasa mafi kyau duka shine 70-80%. A lokacin ban ruwa, ana shan lita 1-2 na ruwa ga kowane daji. Idan ba zai yuwu a sha ruwa akai-akai ba, yana da kyau a rika sakin filayen lokaci-lokaci. Wannan hanya ana kiranta busassun ban ruwa. Rashin sassautawa yana hana ƙasa daga bushewa. Amma hanya mafi kyau don kula da danshi a cikin gadaje shine amfani da tsarin ban ruwa mai tabo.
Yawan amfani da ruwa ya banbanta a kowane mataki na ci gaban shuka. Bayan dasa shuki, sai a nemi ruwa mai matsakaici, bayan samuwar ganye 7, yawan ruwa ya karu zuwa lita 1.5 a kowane daji. Bayan zaren da ke kan cobs ya fara yin duhu, ana yawan yin ban ruwa akai-akai ko kuma rage ruwan da ake amfani da shi.
Gulma, sassautawa
Sakin ciyawa yana hana kaurin gadaje, wanda hakan ke jawo kwari, ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau don cigaban cututtuka. Sabili da haka, ana cire ciyawar da ta toro lokaci-lokaci daga shafin.
Yana da hankali don haɗa wannan aikin tare da kwance ƙasa da tudu. Wannan yana ƙaruwa yanayin iskar ƙasa, yana barin oxygen ya ciyar da matakan mai zurfi. Tare da wannan kulawa, tushen jijiya yana inganta mafi kyau, an ƙarfafa rigakafin shuka. Kamar yadda karawar ta kasance, masarar ta zama mai juriya, wanda ke ba shi damar tsayayya da iska mai iska da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi.
Top miya
Baya ga takin kasar gona a matakin shirya gadaje, ya wajaba a ciyar da shuke-shuke. Wannan saboda ci gaban koren ɗumi a duk lokacin girma. Ana gabatar da cikakken ciyarwa a matakai da yawa, kuma abubuwan gina jiki ga kowannensu an ayyana su sosai.
Farkon ciyarwa ya kunshi slurry ko maganin taki na kaji, ana amfani dashi bayan samuwar ganye na 4 akan harbawar. Bayan makonni 2-3, sai aka gabatar da sutura ta biyu, wacce ta kunshi 20 g na ammonium nitrate, 20 g na gishiri na potassium, 40 g na superphosphate a kowace m2. Bayan bayyanar ganye 7-8, tsiron yana buƙatar abinci mai gina jiki tare da tutiya, boron, jan ƙarfe da manganese.
Lokacin amfani da takin mai magani, bai kamata ku ƙara yawan ƙimar amfani ba. Yawan ma'adanai yana da haɗari ga harbi kamar rashi.
Kayan aikin gona na masara abu ne mai sauki. Ofaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ke buƙatar kulawa shine tsarin yanayin zafin jiki, kiyaye shi yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don ciyawar shukar.