Na dogon lokaci, ana noman pear ne kawai a yankunan kudanci, inda wannan aikin yake da sikelin masana'antu. Ana rarrabe wannan ta manyan buƙatun bishiyar don yanayin girma. Amma, keɓaɓɓiyar fasahar aikin gona da fitowar ire-iren yankuna sun faɗaɗa waɗannan kan iyakokin. Babban mahimmancin ci gaban itacen itace shine daidaito da dacewar dasa.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gano lokacin da ya fi kyau a shuka pear, yadda za a dasa pear daidai a lokacin bazara, yadda ake dasa pear zuwa wani wuri, sannan kuma mu ba da cikakkun bayanai game da wannan.
Amfanin shukakkun pears a kaka
An bambanta lokacin kaka ta hanyar damar zaɓar kayan shuka mai inganci. Yawancin wuraren nurseries suna tono tsire-tsire a cikin bazara, don haka ana kiyaye tushen itacen a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin. Bugu da kari, tsirrai suna da rahusa sosai a damina.
A lokacin dasa kaka, samari na samari suna da lokacin haɓaka tushen tsarin. A lokacin bazara, irin waɗannan bishiyoyin suna da babban ƙarfinsu wanda ke ci gaba da girman ciyawar. Sabili da haka, tsirrai da aka dasa a cikin kaka kwana 20 ne gaban bishiyoyin da suka shuka bazara. Wannan muhimmin mahimmanci ne a cikin haɓakar pear.
Tsarin da aka dasa a cikin kaka tuni sun samo asalin matasa. Wannan yana basu damar jure dukkan masifun bazara - sanyi ko kwatsam. Bishiyoyi waɗanda suka sami karbuwa nan da nan bayan dasawa suna da tsananin juriya mai sanyi.
Girman kaka yana da sauki. A wannan lokacin, babban abu shine a dasa pear da kyau kuma a kula da masaukin hunturu na shuka. Duk sauran ayyukan za'a yi su ne ta dabi'a. Ruwan sama na kaka zai samar da dunkulen dunkulen da danshi da ake bukata, kuma zai bunkasa har sai kasar gona ta huce zuwa + 4 ° C.
Akwai matsaloli don dasa shuki pears a cikin kaka. Waɗannan ƙananan beraye ne waɗanda, tare da farkon lokacin sanyi, suna son yin biki a kan samari. Ba zato ba tsammani yanayin sanyi na iya kashe itace mai rauni. Saboda haka, a cikin yankunan arewa, ana shuka pear ne kawai a cikin bazara. Idan kun saurari shawarwarin ƙwararrun lambu, za a iya rage haɗarin waɗannan fannoni marasa kyau.
Kwanakin sauka
Kaka dasa pears ne da za'ayi a lokacin dormant lokaci na seedling. A wannan lokacin, duk matakan biochemical a cikin bishiyar ana nufin daidaita tsarin tushen zuwa yanayin yanayi mai tsauri. A waje, wannan yana bayyana ta faduwar ganye mai yawa.
Lokacin yanke shawara akan lokacin dasa shuki, ya zama dole a maida hankali kan yanayin yankin. Don tsakiyar layin, wannan shine shekaru goma na uku na Satumba har zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba. A cikin yankunan kudanci, ana shuka su ne daga Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba. Lokacin yanke shawara don dasa shukokin pear, kuna buƙatar bin hasashen yanayi da kewaya ta matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki.
Yana da matukar mahimmanci a dasa shukokin makonni 2-3 kafin farawar sanyi mai sanyi. In ba haka ba, yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun zai haifar da daskarewa da narkewar ƙasa. Za a tura tushen pear daga cikin ƙasa, daskare kuma ya bushe. Duk wannan yana haifar da mutuwar bishiyar da babu makawa.
Idan kwanakin da aka dasa shukakkun pears suka ɓace ko kuma ana hasashen yanayin sanyi kwatsam. Bai kamata ku dasa irin shuka a lokacin bazara ba, ya fi kyau kula da lafiyar sa har zuwa bazara. Saboda wannan, ana saukar da tsire-tsire a cikin akwati cike da peat ko sawdust kuma an sanya shi a cikin ginshiki. Adana a zazzabi na 0 ° C- + 10 ° C da kuma laima na 80-90%, suna shayarwa kowane mako.
Bukatun saukowa
Lokacin zabar wuri don pear, kuna buƙatar la'akari da halayen halayenta - thermophilicity. Sabili da haka, dole ne a kiyaye wurin bishiyar daga iska mai sanyi a arewa maso gabas da zayyanawa. Hakanan, wurin ya kamata ya zama mai haskakawa yadda ya yiwu, wannan yana ƙaruwa matakin photosynthesis, bi da bi, inganci da yawan amfanin gona. DAGAMafi kyawun zaɓi don pears shine hawan kudu ko kudu maso gabas na makircin.
A cikin ƙasa mai nauyi da rashin haihuwa, pear zai ci gaba da kyau ne kawai a cikin shekarun farko, har sai tushensa ya ƙaru da ƙwayoyin da aka shigar a cikin ramin shuka. Ga bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, an fi son danshi, danshi mai laushi da ƙasa mai yashi, yanayin sararin samaniya wanda aƙalla yakai cm 20. Acidity daga 5.0 zuwa 6.5.
Faruwan ruwan ƙasa ya zama ƙasa da m 3, har zuwa wannan matakin asalin bishiyar suna girma. A matakin kusa da ruwan karkashin kasa, ana ƙirƙirar yanayin anaerobic a cikin tushen asalin ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da lalacewar mai guba ga asalinsu da kuma bishiyar gabaɗaya.
Shuka ramin shiri
Don dasa shuki na kaka, dole ne a shirya yankin da aka zaɓa a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon bazara. Don haka abubuwan da ake buƙata da aka gabatar cikin ƙasa zasu haɗu ta hanyar yanayi, kuma yanayi mai ƙarancin yanayin bioan adam zai tashi don asalin shukar. Yayin digging kowane 1m2 :ara:
- takin kilogiram 6,
- superphosphate 60 g;
- gishirin potassium 30 g.
Ci gaban seedling ya dogara da ingancin ramin shuka., wanda zai sami abinci mai gina jiki daga sashin da yake dauke dashi a farkon shekarun bayan shuki. Zurfin ramin ya kamata ya zama santimita 60; saiwoyin tubalin pear ya girma zuwa wannan girman a farkon shekaru 2. A diamita na rami ne 80-100 cm a kan talakawan.
Bangon ramin dole ne ya kasance a tsaye don tabbatar da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa. Lokacin tono rami, ya wajaba a raba ƙasa da aka huce zuwa sassa biyu. Za a yi amfani da ƙasar ƙasa yayin dasawa, ƙasan ba zai yi amfani ba. Bayan wannan, komawa baya 30 cm daga tsakiyar ramin, ya zama dole a manne gungume mai tsayi 1.5-2 m, za a ɗaura ɗan tsana a ciki.
Abun da ke cikin cakuda ƙasa don cika ramin dasa:
- takin bokiti 2;
- kogin yashi buckets 2;
- superphosphate 30 g;
- potassium sulfate 20 g
Sauran an cika shi da ƙasa mai shiri. Idan kasar gona tana da guba, kara 300-500 g na farar ƙasa.
A cikin ramin da aka shirya a gaba, ƙasa zata daidaita ta lokacin dasa shuki... Wannan yana hana ƙarancin ƙasa bayan dasa shuki, wanda ke haifar da zurfin tushen abin wuya, kuma a sakamakon haka, ga ci gaban da bai dace da itacen ba gaba ɗaya.
Zaɓin zaɓi da shirye-shirye don shuka a cikin Satumba
Don samun cikakken kwarin gwiwa game da ingancin kayan shuka, zai fi kyau a sayi shuka a cikin gandun daji da cibiyoyin lambu. A lokacin bazara, ana sayar da tsirrai tare da buɗaɗɗen tushen tushen.
Bishiyoyi har zuwa shekaru biyu suna da mafi kyawun rayuwa. Don pears na wannan zamanin, tonowa daga ƙasa da jigilar kaya ba shi da tasiri mai mahimmanci.
Kuna iya ƙayyade ƙwaya mai inganci ta halayenta na waje:
- Tushen tsakiya dole ne ya sami aƙalla 30 cm da rassa 4-5 tare da adadi mai yawa na tushen da ya girma. Tushen ya kamata ya zama mai ƙarfi kuma ba a bushe shi ba tare da lalacewar injiniya ba, alamomi na ruɓewa da raɗaɗin raɗaɗi.
- Yana da mahimmanci a kula da daidaiton tushen da kambi. Idan seedling yana da babban sashi kuma babu wani taro na tushen girma, wannan yana nuna cin zarafin fasaha.
- Kyakkyawan tsire-tsire suna da kambi mai kwari daidai kuma suna furtawa rassan kwarangwal. Haushi yana da yawa ba tare da alamun walwala, kumburi da fasa ba. Dangane da yanayin ɓangaren waje, mutum kuma zai iya yin hukunci akan ƙarfin shuka tare da rufin tushen tushen.
Dole ne a shuka shukokin da ke da buɗaɗɗen tushe a cikin ƙasa cikin makonni biyu. A cikin lokacin kafin dasa bishiyar, babban aikin shi ne hana tushen bushewa. Don yin wannan, suna buƙatar a lulluɓe su cikin danshi mai ɗumi da yadudduka da yawa na takarda. Yana da mahimmanci don kare tsirrai daga hasken rana, wanda zai haifar da ƙonewa da zafi fiye da kima.
Kafin dasa shuki, dole ne a sake duba irin shuka. Idan aka sami alamun lalacewa ko ruɓewa, ya kamata a cire su. Ana yin wannan kawai tare da mai kaifi mai kaifi, yankan ya kamata su zama masu wucewa. Bai kamata a yanke jijiyoyi ba dole ba. Musamman ma tushen da aka girma, suna ɗaukar babban nauyin ɗaukar ruwan da abubuwan gina jiki.
Idan asalin bishiyar sun bushe, ana bukatar a sa su a cikin ruwa har tsawon awanni 12-24. Kafin dasa shuki, dole ne a tsoma tushen iri a cikin maganin yumbu, mullein da ruwa (1: 2: 5) kuma ya bushe na mintina 30. Dole ne a cire dukkan ganye akan seedling.
Yadda ake shuka iri a waje: jagora mataki-mataki
Na gaba shine jagora mataki-mataki don dasa pear. Mayar da hankali kan girman asalinsu a cikin ramin dasa shuki, ya zama dole a tono ɓacin rai kuma a samar da tuddai mai yawa. Irin wannan tsayin da cewa bayan sanya tsaba a kanta, abin wuya na itacen ya kasance 5 cm sama da matakin ƙasa. An rarraba tushen bishiyar daidai a kan tudun. Wajibi ne don tabbatar da cewa babu lanƙwasa sama, wannan yana haifar da koma baya na ci gaba da kuma wadataccen samar da ƙwaya mai danshi.
An shawarci gogaggun lambu sanya matsayi dangane da kadinal maki kamar yadda seedling aka located a cikin gandun daji. Ana iya tantance hakan ta hanyar hasken haushi. A gefen kudu, haushi yana ɗaukar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma a gefen arewa, inuwar haske ne.
Lokacin sake cika tushen tushen tare da wani abu, yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa samuwar fanko. Saboda wannan, seedling lokaci-lokaci girgiza. Bayan haka, dole ne a dame ƙasa sosai. Ana danganta tsire-tsire a kan gungumen azaba tare da abu mai laushi; ba za a yarda da amfani da igiya da waya ba.
Bayan haka, ana yin rami a kewayen akwatin, kuma ana shayar da ɗanyen tare da bokitai 2-3 na ruwan dumi. An kusa zagaye kusa da kara da peat ko sawdust.
Daidaitaccen shiri na matasa pears don hunturu
Lingan itacen pear yana buƙatar taimakon mai kula da lambu don tsira daga hunturu. Wajibi ne a tattaro dukkan rassan bishiyar tare kuma a manne su sosai a kan gungumen. Duba lamin ciyawa kuma, kaurinsa ya zama 30 cm.
Yana da mahimmanci don kare gangar jikin pear ta matasa daga lalacewar sanyi. Wannan dole ne a yi shi kafin Disamba, iyakar kaka da hunturu tana da alamar zafin jiki mai kaifi. Wannan yana haifar da bayyanar dusar kankara da ke lalata cambium - babban tsari wanda ke tallafawa muhimmin aikin itacen.
Auduga ko wasu kayan rufewa wadanda ke ba iska damar wucewa ta aiki da kyau don kare gangar jikin. An lullube su a jikin wata itaciya.
Yana da mahimmanci kar a manta da rodents. Rassan Spruce zasu taimaka wajen kare tsirrai daga ayyukansu, wanda bishiyar take layi daga kowane bangare.
Kuna iya kula da akwatin ɗan pear na matasa tare da cakuda mullein da yumbu (1: 1), ƙanshin warinsa wanda zai tsoratar da beraye. Gogaggen lambu kunsa gangar jikin seedling da raga mai kyau.
Dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka sani da kaddarorinsa na rufin ɗumi, zai taimaka iri ga lokacin sanyi sosai. Saboda haka, ya zama dole a ja shi zuwa itacen gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu. Ya kamata a tuna da cewa yawan ruwan sama ya fadi a cikin Siberia da Urals. Sabili da haka, shirye-shiryen pear don hunturu zai ɗan bambanta a waɗannan yankuna.
Yadda ake dasa pear balagagge zuwa sabon wuri?
Yanzu bari muyi maganar dashen pear zuwa sabon wuri. Babban pear ya balaga da haƙuri don dashi. Wannan tsari yana lalata abubuwa musamman ga bishiyoyi sama da shekaru 15; ba'a ba da shawarar a sake shuka su ba. An bambanta wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa pear yana da mahimmin tushen tushen, wanda yake da zurfin gaske. saboda haka ana yin dashen pear ne idan ana bukatar gaggawa.
Ana ba da shawarar sake dasa bishiyoyi masu lafiya kawai. Babban pear ɗin da ke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan fungal ko kuma babbar illa ga gangar jikin ba za ta tsira da dasawa ba.
Tonawa pear ta balaga
Dole ne a fara shirye-shiryen dasa itacen kaka a bazara. Don rage girman damuwar bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, dole ne a bi wasu dokoki:
- tona rafin bazara tare da rawanin kambi tare da yanke asalin tushen;
- a lokacin faduwa, kafin a dasa, da'irar lokutan ana zubar da wadata;
- don bishiyoyi har zuwa shekaru 5, ana hawan kewayen kusa-kusa a cikin da'ira a nesa na 0.7 m daga tushe, suna yin dunƙulen dunƙulen dunƙulen dunƙule 70 cm zurfin (don tsofaffin bishiyoyi 130 cm daga tushe da zurfin 1 m);
- An haƙa rami mai faɗin cm 50 a kewayen sarkakiyar ƙasa da kuma zurfinsa duka;
- an datse tushen da ya wuce mazugi na ƙasa, waɗanda kuma suka shiga zurfafa an sare su da kaifaf mai kaifi;
- Ana fitar da itacen tare da dunƙulen ƙasa kuma a ɗora shi a kan cellophane, wanda ke ɗaure sosai a jikin akwatin.
Idan za a yi jigilar pear, saiwar an aza ta a kan leda, wannan yana rage lalacewar su yayin girgiza. Yanzu kun san lokacin da zaku iya dasa pear ɗin zuwa wani wuri.
Dasawa da kuma kula da bishiyoyi
Ramin da aka shirya don dasa shukar pear ta girma ya zama faɗi 40 cm kuma ya fi zurfin coma na ƙasa. An shimfiɗa wani fili na ƙasa mai ni'ima da humus (peat) a ƙasansa, an goge shi da kyau.
Game da mahimman bayanai, pear an daidaita shi daidai da wurin da ya gabata. Itace a cikin ramin dasa an saita la'akari da tushen abin wuya, kada ya zurfafa. Ramin da ke tsakanin ganuwar ramin an lulluɓe shi da dunƙulen ƙasa da ƙasa mai ni'ima kuma an yi masa tamped.
Dole ne a shayar da ƙwaya da karimci, an rufe shi da ƙasa, kuma dole ne a dunƙule kusancin kusa da kara. Kafin lokacin hunturu, ya zama dole don kare itacen daga lalacewar sanyi.
Bayan da pear da aka dasa ta fito daga dormancy kuma kafin kumburin ya kumbura, yana da mahimmanci don aiwatar da datti na tsufa. Rootarfin tushen tushen itace ba zai iya samar da kayan lambu na baya da abinci mai mahimmanci ba. A cikin rassan bishiyoyi har zuwa shekaru 5, an yanke haɓakar shekaru 2-3, kuma a cikin tsofaffin bishiyoyi daga shekaru 3-5.
A shekarar farko, dole ne a kula da cewa pear da aka dasa ba ta ba da 'ya'ya. Wannan zai ba da ƙarin damuwa ga itacen da bai balaga ba. Don wannan, an cire ƙwayoyin fure masu tasowa.
Dole ne a gudanar da kulawa da pear duka a cikin bazara da bazara. A farkon rabin lokacin bazara, itacen ya hadu da maganin nitrophoska (250 ml) da ruwa (10 l). Don ciyar da foliar, ana amfani da maganin urea na 0.3%. A lokacin bushewa, itacen ya kamata a shayar dashi akai-akai. Ba shi da daraja a datsa pear kafin watan Agusta a lokacin bazara.
A shekarar farko, pear da aka dasa za ta nuna ƙaramar haɓaka, amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa bishiyar zata bunkasa gwargwadon tsarin mulki.
Kuma a ƙarshe, muna ba da shawarar kallon bidiyo kan yadda ake shuka pear a cikin kaka: