Lokacin da ake noman tumatir a sikelin masana'antu, yana da mahimmanci iri-iri su dace da girbin injiniyoyi. Ofayan waɗannan shine Rio Grande. Bambancin tumatir yana da fa'idodi da yawa waɗanda suma mazauna lokacin rani da masu gidajen ƙasar ke yaba musu.
Bayani da halayen tumatir na Rio Grande
Bari mu fara da bayanin. Tsarin shuka mai ƙayyadewa tare da lokacin ciyayi na kwanaki 110-120 yana da halin juriya na damuwa da amfani da ofa fruitsan duniya. Tsayin daji da wuya ya wuce cm 70, don haka fasahar noma ba ta samar da garter ba. Karamin tumatir mai matsakaicin adadin ganyaye baya buƙatar tsunkule.
Lokacin 'ya'yan itace ya ci gaba a duk lokacin bazara. 'Ya'yan itacen a cikin nau'in cream a lokacin ƙwarewar fasaha suna samun nauyi daga gram 70 zuwa 150... Naman kyakkyawan launi ja yana da tsari mai yawa, wanda ya sanya kayan lambu dacewa da bushewa da bushewa. Sau da yawa ana amfani da amfanin gona don yin biredi da ketchups. Specialwararrun masana abinci daga ƙasashe da yawa na duniya suna jin daɗin ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano tare da ƙoshin ciki.
A iri-iri ne aikin Dutch makiyaya. Ana nufin amfanin gona don namowa a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa da ƙarƙashin murfin (a cikin greenhouses da greenhouses). Yawan amfanin gona a kowace daji shine kilogiram 4.5-5.8.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani na nau'ikan
Don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi game da Rio Grande iri-iri, yana da daraja la'akari da halaye masu fa'ida. Daga cikin manyan:
- kulawa mara kyau (babu buƙatar garter da tsunkule);
- dacewa mai kyau ga mawuyacin yanayin yanayi na yankin, yanayi mara kyau;
- karfi rigakafi don tsayayya da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta;
- dandano mai ban sha'awa;
- karfin 'ya'yan itace;
- lokacin shuka a duk lokacin bazara;
- tsawon rayuwar rayuwar amfanin gona, kyakkyawar zirga-zirga.
Tumatir bashi da wata illa mara ma'ana, kodayake wasu yan lambu suna lura da karancin ruwan sha. Wannan gaskiyar ta faru ne saboda tsarin tsarin ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda aka yaba dashi wajen samar da kayan ƙanshi da biredi.
Siffofin shirye-shiryen ƙasa don dasa shuki
An zaɓi ƙasa tare da tsari mai haske, mai ni'ima (matattarar duniya ko cakuda ƙasar sod tare da humus ya dace). Kafin shuka, ana yin ƙasa mai ɗumi a cikin tanda ko kuma a shayar da shi da raunin bayani na sinadarin potassium na maganin disinfection.
Lokacin dasa shuki a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa, ana shirya gado na lambu a cikin faɗuwa, tonowa da ƙara humus. A lokacin bazara, ana amfani da takin mai ma'adinai don wadatar da ƙasa tare da abubuwan alaƙa masu mahimmanci... Ana yin ramuka a ƙarƙashin tsaba a nesa na cm 40. Tare da gefunan gadaje, ana saka allon daga allon, tare da taimakon fim ɗin an gyara shi azaman mafaka. Bayan samuwar ganyaye 2 ganye, ana dasa shukokin cikin ramuka daban.
Yadda za a zabi tsaba daidai don dasa shuki?
Ana ba da shawarar a sayi tsaba a cikin shaguna na musamman. Wannan yana tabbatar da cikakken aikin kayan, jure cututtuka da kwari.
Ba lallai ba ne a aiwatar da maganin kashe cuta da jiƙa a gida don haɓaka haɓaka.
Lokacin zabar hatsi, ya kamata ka fara sanin kanka da bayanin akan lakabin, wanda ke nuna ainihin ƙa'idodin fasahar aikin gona, ranar ƙarewa da sauran shawarwari. Bayan cire hatsi daga marufi, ya kamata a zaɓi lafiyayyu da manyan hatsi. Idan an sami wani rauni, an gama culling.
Shuka dokoki
Lokacin amfani da hanyar shuka, an shirya shuka don farkon ko tsakiyar Maris (kwanaki 60 kafin dasa shuki a cikin lambun).
Don ƙasa, yi amfani da kwantena ko kwalaye na katako waɗanda suke aƙalla zurfin cm 10. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da kofuna na filastik da tukwane. Dole ne kasan akwatin ya kasance yana da ramuka na magudanan ruwa don sakin danshi mai yawa yayin shayarwa.
A saman ƙasa, ana yin ƙananan baƙin ciki da yatsa (bai fi 2 cm ba) tare da tazarar 4-6 cm. An saka iri 2 a kowane tsagi. Daga sama an rufe su da ƙaramin Layer na peat.
Don ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yanayi don shuka iri, kuna buƙatar fesa amfanin gona da ruwan dumi (a matsakaici), kuma rufe akwatin da gilashi ko fim. Tsarin zafin jiki kafin germination ya zama 23-25 °. Da zarar shukokin suka bayyana, sai a sanya akwatin a wuri mai haske, an cire masaukin, kuma an rage zafin zuwa 18-20 °. Don hana tsiro su miƙa da yawa, yana da kyau a rage alamar dare zuwa 16 °.
Idan ba wadataccen haske ba, ƙwayoyin ba za su ci gaba ba, saboda haka, dole ne a sanya ƙarin haske (fitila mai kyalli) sama da gadon da ba shi da kyau.
Bayan samuwar ganye 2 a kan tsiro, yakamata a dasa shukokin, wato, dasa kowane tushen a cikin akwati daban. 7-10 kwanaki kafin canja wurin shuka zuwa gonar, ana aiwatar da tsari mai ƙarfi don mafi dacewa cikin sabon yanayi.
Dasawa don bude kasa
Canzawar tsirrai zuwa greenhouse ana aiwatarwa daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa 10 Mayu. Ana dasa harbe-harbe matasa a cikin buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa daga 20 ga Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Yuni. A yankunan kudanci na ƙasar, ana yin shuka kai tsaye a cikin fili.
Ana daukar shuke-shuke a matsayin mafi kyawun magabata don iri-iri na Rio Grande: ganye, legumes, kabeji, latas.
An dasa tumatir a layuka tare da tazarar 35-45 cm ko a cikin hanyar murabba'i mai murabba'i bisa tsarin 40x50 cm. Zurfin ramuka ya kai cm 10-15. Ba a sanya ɓarza 6 da 1 m2. Cakuda peat, toka na itace da humus ana fara zubawa a cikin hutu, sa'annan harbawar an nitsar.
Kulawa bayan dasawa
Tumatirin Rio Grande yana da sauƙin kulawa, hatta malamin lambu da ba shi da ƙwarewa na iya girma kuma ya yi girbi mai kyau. Ka'idodin ka'idojin fasahar aikin gona suna cikin ɓangarori masu zuwa.
Shayarwa
Kar a rufe ƙasa lokacin tumatir, wannan na iya haifar da ci gaban cututtukan fungal. Ya isa ban ruwa sau ɗaya a mako bayan dasa shukokin. Regular yana ƙaruwa ne kawai da fari. Yawan ruwa a kowane daji yakai akalla lita 5. Yana da kyau kada a ambaliya da ganye yayin ban ruwa don kar ya zama rawaya.
Gulma da sassautawa
Tumatirin Rio Grande yana son ƙasa mai laushi, saboda haka ya kamata a gudanar da ci gaba a kai a kai (sau ɗaya a kowace kwana 10-15). Lokaci guda tare da sassautawa, ana yin sako-sako, kawar da gadajen ciyawa. Zurfin nutsewar kayan aikin yakai aƙalla 5-7 cm.
Gogaggen lambu shawara, bayan na farko ko na biyu weeding, to spud da bushes ƙara da ake samu.
Top miya
Bayan dasa shukokin har zuwa gadon budewa, ana yin takin zamani:
- a karo na farko an ciyar da kasar tare da maganin mullein (1: 5) ko tsutsar tsuntsaye (1:15);
- an gabatar da abinci na biyu na gaba bayan makonni 2 bayan haka (don guga na ruwa 25 g. ammonium nitrate, 15 g. gishirin potassium, 60 g. superphosphate da 1 g. boric acid);
- kashi na uku na abinci ana karawa a cikin makonni biyu (gram 30 na nitrate, gram 70 na gishirin potassium, giram 40 na superphosphate suna narkewa cikin lita 10 na ruwa).
M kari abinci kunshi wani bayani na itace ash (na lita 10 na ruwa 200 gr. Ash).
Mulching gonar
Nan da nan bayan dasa tsire-tsire, ana gadon gadon. Wannan zai taimaka wajen riƙe danshi a cikin ƙasa ba tare da yawan shayarwa da rage ciyawar ba.
Kuskuren kulawa
Yawancin lambu suna yin kuskuren ba'a a cikin fasahar noma wanda zai iya shafar tasirin amfanin ƙasa. Daga cikin manyan:
- overfeeding tare da takin mai magani (musamman takin mai magani nitrogen), wanda ya haifar da ci gaba mai yawa na sama;
- thickening na gadaje, tsokanar ci gaban naman gwari;
- pruning harbe domin samar da daji (iri-iri baya buƙatar hanya, saboda yanke rassan, yawan amfanin ƙasa yana raguwa);
- dasa tumatir a kusa da peas ko dankali (amfanin gona bai dace ba).
Cututtuka da rigakafin su
Immarfin rigakafi yana ba da damar nau'ikan su iya jure cututtuka da kwari da yawa, amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa babu buƙatar rigakafin. Idan muna magana ne game da namowa a cikin wani greenhouse, to yana da ma'ana a maye gurbin ƙasa kowace shekara a ƙarshen kakar (an cire Layer aƙalla 25-30 cm). Hakanan kuna buƙatar samar da iska mai kyau lokacin girma tumatir.
Bude gadaje kafin a dasa shuki ana shayar da shi da ruwan zãfi ko kuma bayani na sinadarin potassium na rashin natsuwa... Bayan an dasa shuki, ana yin magani na yau da kullun tare da kayan nazarin halittu (misali, Fitosporin) ko magungunan gargajiya don aiwatar da su don hana cututtukan fungal ko kwari.
Cututtuka masu zuwa suna haifar da babbar barazana ga tumatir:
- marigayi bugun jini;
- launin toka da fari fari;
- kwayar cutar mosaic
Naman gwari da kwayar cutar galibi suna cutar da tsire-tsire masu rauni, don haka bai kamata ku yi watsi da jadawalin gabatarwar takin ba, tare da wuce gona da iri da takin mai magani ba.
Daga cikin haɗari masu haɗari sune:
- beyar;
- Colorado irin ƙwaro;
- slugs;
- aphid.
Don dalilai na rigakafin, ya zama dole a hankali cire tarkacen kayan lambu daga gadaje a cikin kaka. A ciki, larvae da kuma manya na kwari daidai jure sanyi hunturu. Kafin sanyi na farko, ana bukatar a haƙa ƙasa don buɗe gidajen kwari... Wannan zai kawar da mafi yawan kwayoyin cutar. A cikin bazara a cikin hanyoyin yana da daraja dasa shukokin da ke tunkude yawancin kwari: marigolds, marigolds, oregano, da dai sauransu Idan ya cancanta, kafin lokacin fure, ya kamata a gudanar da magani da magungunan kwari.
Nau'in Rio Grande yana da sauƙin kulawa, yana da ikon dacewa da wasu yanayi, wanda shine kyakkyawan taimako a cikin fasahar noma. Idan kun yi ɗan ƙoƙari, to lallai shukar tabbas za ta gode wa mai shi mai himma da girbi mai yawa.