Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan pear, amma ba kowane ɗayansu zai sami tushe a cikin Rasha ba. Daya daga cikin wadannan bishiyoyin duniya zai kasance Severyanka.
Tana iya jure yanayin yanayi mara kyau, ta hakan yana jan hankalin masu aikin lambu da ke zaune a yankunan arewacin ƙasar.
Bayani na pear iri-iri Severyanka Krasnoshchekaya
An bambance iri-iri a cikin 1959 P.N. Yakovlev bisa tsarin kwayar halittar gado da kiwo mai suna I.V. Michurin.
Matsakaici itace, kambin matsakaici mai nauyi yayi kama da dala mai faɗi a cikin sifa. Rassan suna faduwa daga gangar jikin a kusurwar kusan kusan digiri 90, bawon gangar jikin da kuma rassan kwarangwal launin toka ne.
Harbe na matsakaicin kauri, koren haske, ɗan balaga. Ganyayyaki ba su da kariya, tushe yana zagaye, kuma ana nuna tukwici, farantin yana da haɗin kai, kuma ana rarrabe gefuna da kasancewar sassake abubuwa akai-akai. Ramin itacen gajere ne, dabarar tana kama da saber.
An tattara furanni a cikin inflorescences, galibi sau 4-6, launin fentin farar fata ne, stigmas din suna can kasan anorr.
Yawan amfanin gona iri-iri ne, kilogram 60-70 na pears ana girbewa daga itace ɗaya, amma akwai lokacin da Severyanka yakan kawo kilogram 100 na gramsa fruitan itace kowace kakar.
Lokacin kammalawa yakai goma ga watan Agusta, kuma yana kasancewa har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba.
Severyanka yana da kyakkyawan juriya na sanyi, saboda haka, an rarraba shi don yankuna Yamma, Siberian da Ural.
Halayen 'ya'yan itace
Dangane da bayanin pear na zuriyar dabbobi Severyanka Krasnoshchekaya conical a cikin sura kuma yayi kama da fitila mai haske... A farkon lokacin girki, 'ya'yan itacen suna da koren ruwan hoda, a hankali ya zama rawaya. Fatar tana da ƙarfi amma ba ta da ƙarfi.
A matsakaita, pear ɗaya tana da nauyin gram 80-100, wanda ya isa kaɗan don irin wannan 'ya'yan itace. Pulangaren litattafan almara yana da daɗi, m, ba tart, launi mai laushi mai laushi, wannan nau'ikan ba shi da ƙamshin ƙanshi.
Ana sanya tsaba a ɗakuna, waɗanda suke matsakaici a cikin girma da ƙananan a sarari.
Tarihin kiwo da yankin kiwo
Da farko a cikin 1959 a Cibiyar Michurin iri-iri Svetlyanka aka bred... An rarrabe shi da kyakkyawan juriya na sanyi kuma cikin mutunci ya jimre da matsanancin lokacin sanyi na Siberia. Gidan wuta ya fara sayarwa nan da nan bayan gwaji.
Nau'in ya canza sunansa sau uku, na farko shine Yakovlev's Seedling No. 103, sannan Yakovlev's Severyanka, sannan kawai sai ya zama Severyanka.
Amma gwaje-gwajen masu shayarwa ba su ƙare a nan ba, kuma kaɗan daga baya a tashar a Chelyabinsk P.N. Yakvlev karbi nau'ikan Severyanka ta hanyar tsallake pears Lyubimitsa Klapa da Koperechka No. 12.
Har yanzu mashahuri ne tsakanin masu lambun Ural, amma manyan-tsire-tsire, tsire-tsire na masana'antu na Severyanka ba su da yawa.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani
Ribobi:
- babban juriya mai sanyi iri-iri ya siffanta shi da kyau don girma a yankuna arewa tare da mummunan yanayi;
- itacen Severyanka ƙarami ne kuma ƙarami, wanda ya ba da damar shuka pears har ma da ƙananan filayen ƙasa;
- farkon nunawa, zaku iya yiwa kanku ɗanɗano da sabbin fruitsa fruitsan itace tuni a watan Agusta;
- tare da kulawa mai kyau, itaciya ɗaya tana kawo kilogram 100 na girbi;
- Severyanka yana da ƙwayar scab;
- amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban.
Usesasa:
- adadi mai yawa na offa fruitsan itace suna faɗuwa kafin lokacin kwanan wata, saboda haka baza ku iya tsallake lokacin girbi ba;
- pears din kansu kanana ne a cikin girma kuma basu bambanta da dandano mai ban sha'awa;
- wannan nau'ikan yana bukatar shayarwa a lokacin da ya dace kuma yalwa, saboda baya jure rashin wadataccen danshi;
- gajeren rayuwar shiryayye da rashin hawa abin hawa ba su sanya Severyanka ba mai ban sha'awa ba don dalilan kasuwanci.
Fasali na dasa shuki da kulawa
Don dasa bishiya a gonar, da farko kana bukatar yanke hukunci kan wurin da zai tsiro... A wannan yanayin, dole ne a yi la'akari da siffofin zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan:
- yashi mai yashi ko ƙasa mai laushi tare da adadin humus mai yawa ya fi dacewa da Severyanka;
- Ruwan ƙasa ya kamata ya kasance nesa ba kusa da mita 2 daga doron ƙasa ba, in ba haka ba tsarin tushen pear na iya lalata kuma itacen zai mutu;
- kuna kuma buƙatar samar da amintaccen kariya daga iska da hasken rana mai kyau.
Lokacin zabar tsire-tsire, zai fi kyau a ba da fifiko ga tsire-tsire masu shekaru biyu, kamar yadda aikin yake nuna, suna da mafi girman juriya da daidaitawa zuwa sabon wuri. Zai fi kyau shuka shuke-shuke a cikin Afrilu ko Satumba.
An zaɓi lokaci dangane da yanayi da yankin noman, Itacen da aka dasa a lokacin bazara ba zai iya rayuwa cikin mummunan hunturu ba.
Ga wani pear da aka tono rami, girmansa zai kai zurfin santimita 60 kuma faɗi mita 1... A ƙasan ramin, an shimfiɗa cakuda mai daɗi, wanda ya ƙunshi:
- 2 buckets na takin gargajiya ko humus;
- Gram 200 na taki mai danko;
- 800 grams na superphosphate.
Dole ne a shigar da ƙasar da aka shirya, saboda haka haƙa rami ya zama mako kafin a dasa bishiyoyi:
- Da farko, ana tsoma tushen a cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
- Sannan ana cire rassan da suka lalace da suka karye, don shuka zata iya kashe kuzari akan sabawa da sabon filin, ba wai warkewa ba.
- Daga nan sai a sanya seedling a cikin rami kuma a rufe shi da kyau a ƙasa.
- An sanya fegi da kyau kusa da itacen, wanda zai yi aiki azaman tallafi, an ɗaura sabon shuka da shi.
- Mataki na karshe zai kasance mai yalwa.
Yanayin girma
Bambance-bambancen Severyanka na iya farantawa mai lambu da fruitsa fruitsan itace tuni a cikin shekara ta 4 ta rayuwa, amma saboda wannan kuna buƙatar kulawa da kyau ga itacen kuma ku ba shi abubuwan gina jiki da ake buƙata.
An datsa irin shuka nan da nan bayan an dasa. Idan har yanzu babu rassa kwarangwal, to sai a sare tsayin a tsawan santimita 80-90 daga ƙasa.
A cikin yanayin lokacin da akwai rassa akan bishiyar, ana taqaitasu da kashi ɗaya bisa uku, yayin da suke barin lafiyayyun ƙwayoyi uku. Ana buƙatar wannan aikin a farkon shekaru uku na rayuwar itacen.
Sannan itace kawai zata bukaci yankan tsabtace jiki., godiya ga wanda mai kula da lambu ya rabu da mara lafiya, matacce ko rassan da ya wuce kima. Ana cire harbe a kai a kai daga itacen.
Domin tushen su sami isashshen oxygen kamar yadda zai yiwu, sassauta ƙasa a cikin da'irar akwati... Hakanan kuna buƙatar lokaci rabu da ciyawa.
Ganin cewa Severyanka yana son danshi kuna buƙatar shayar da shi a kai a kai, hana ƙasa daga bushewa.
A lokacin rani, sau ɗaya a lokaci, ana amfani da suturar ma'adinai, a lokacin bazara, ana ba da bishiyar da humus ko taki.
Kodayake Severyanka na cikin nau'ikan jure sanyi ne, yana buƙatar a shirya shi da kyau don hunturu... Don yin wannan, kafin farkon sanyi, itacen yana da wadataccen ruwa da mulched, don haka yana kare tushen tsarin.
Girbi da ajiya
Lokacin girbi shine tsakiyar watan Agusta kuma zai iya wucewa har zuwa farkon watan Satumba. Kusa da lokacin kaka, ɓangaren litattafan almara na pear yana samun launin ruwan kasa. 'Ya'yan itacen da suka manyanta sun fara fadowa kuma cikin kwanaki 2-3 bishiyar ta rasa yawancin amfanin gona.
Idan ka debo pears cikakke cikakke, to za'a adana su fiye da kwanaki 10... A lokaci guda, suna buƙatar samar da zazzabi mai sanyi da kwantena na katako ko na wicker.
Wararrun masu kula da lambu sun ba da shawarar girbe thea fruitsan bayan mako guda kafin farawar cikakkiyar cikakkiyar sifa, a wannan yanayin mafi ƙarancin amfanin gona zai faɗi kuma za'a adana shi da yawa (watanni 2)
Mafi kyawun wuri ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin ɗaki mai sanyi.amma amfani da ƙananan sashin firiji maimakon.
Fasali:
Babban fasalin fasalin Severyanka shine tsananin hunturu. An yi rikodin lamura yayin da, tare da sanyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa -50 digiri, ƙananan bishiyoyi ne kawai suka mutu, kuma tare da daidaitaccen canjin yanayin zuwa -42 digiri, kawai ɓangaren saman bishiyar ya daskare, yayin da tushen tsarin ya kiyaye.
Hakanan irin wannan da iri-iri da sauri murmurewa bayan sanyi.
Yanzu ba a amfani da Severyanka a sikelin masana'antu, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a sami shuki don sayarwa. Kuna iya saduwa da Severyanka akan shafukan gogaggun lambu.
An bayyana wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa masu kiwo sun hayayyafa da wasu nau'ikan da ke jure yanayin sanyi wadanda suka fi kyau kuma suna da fa'idodi.
Ana amfani da Severyanka a aikin kimiyya, kuma ya riga ya zama nau'in iyaye don nau'ikan irin su Yeseninskaya da Tyutchevskaya.
Wani fasalin iri-iri zai zama buƙatar ƙarancin pollin., saboda tare da hanya mai zaman kanta, kashi 30 cikin ɗari na fruitsa fruitsan itacen za a ɗaura.
Mafi kyawun pollinator ga Severyanka zai kasance Pamyat Yakovlev, irin wadannan bishiyoyin an ba da shawarar a ajiye su kusa da juna.
Cututtuka da kwari
Severyanka ba safai yake fuskantar cuta da kwari ba. Yana da kyau juriya scab. Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun cututtuka masu zuwa akan bishiyoyi na wannan nau'in:
- Cutar Microplasma ko "tsintsiyar mayu" ita ce cuta mafi haɗari ga itacen 'ya'yan itace. Ana yada shi ta hanyar kwari ko kwari. Ba za a iya maganin cutar ba, kuma a wannan yanayin, itacen dole ne a tumɓuke shi baki ɗaya a ƙone shi.
- 'Ya'yan itace sun ruɓe - yana shafar pears, matakin farko shine bayyanar launin ruwan kasa, wanda yayi girma akan lokaci kuma ya lalata amfanin gona, ana amfani da jan ƙarfe na chlorine ko brodsky a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa.
- Burnonewar ƙwayoyin cuta - ya bayyana bayan ganyen daskarewa. Idan aka gano cuta, ana fesawa bishiyar maganin rigakafi duk bayan kwana 5. Don kaucewa yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, ana amfani da dukkan kayan aikin cikin boric acid.
Ba a kai wa Severyanka kwari da cizon kwalliya. Haɗarin shi ne malam buɗe ido hawthorn.
A matsayin yakinta da ita a lokacin tara babban adadin kwari akan bishiya, ana kula da shi tare da Karbofos, Iskra ko wasu magungunan kwari.
Babban hanyar ma'amala da kowace cuta ko kwaro itace cire duk wata alama ta mazaunin su, watau sassan jikin bishiyar, 'ya'yan itace da suka faɗi ko ganye, waɗanda dole ne a ƙone su nan take.
A matsayin matakin kariya daga cututtuka ya kamata bishiyoyi su kula da su sosai, ya kamata a gudanar da shayarwa, ciyarwa da kuma yankan tsabtar kan lokaci. A lokacin kaka da bazara, ana bada shawara don fesa shuka da ruwan Brodsky.
Lokacin aiki tare da kowane shirye-shiryen sunadarai, dole ne kuyi amfani da kayan aikin sirri na sirri.
Binciken lambu
Galina: “Severyanka shine mafi tsufa mazaunin gonata. Girbin yana ba da adadi mai yawa, a farkon shekarun da suka wuce gona da iri, yanzu ma ya rage. Na yi amfani da wannan nau'ikan don yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma kwanan nan na fara bushe pear. Nau'in iri-iri yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, mai daɗi da tsami tare da hasken haske, pears suna da ɗan ƙarami tare da jan ganga. Kula da itace bashi da wahala, musamman yanzu da ya riga ya girma kuma ya dace da yanayin mu. "
Olga: “Mahaifina ya fara girma Severyanka, dacha ɗinmu yana cikin Urals, saboda haka yana da matukar wahala a sami kyakkyawan pear mai kyau. Yanzu akwai bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da yawa akan shafin, wadanda suka fi Severyanka sau da yawa, amma ba zan iya kusantar da shi ba. Yana ba da fruita fruita akai-akai daga shekara zuwa shekara, yana jure yanayin ƙarancin yanayi, kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Gwada daga wannan nau'ikan shine dandano na yarinta kuma ni kaina na ci gaba da sanya shi ga yarana. "
Vladimir: “Akwai bishiyoyi iri-iri da yawa a shafina, kuma Severyanka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan. Kyakkyawan pollinator ne don yawancin iri, ƙari, ta amfani da haja tare da taimakonta, zaku iya samun wasu fruitsa fruitsan itacen da suka fi inganci a dandano da fasali. Lokacin hunturu ba mai wahala ba kuma itacen da ya balaga yana haƙuri da su kwata-kwata. "
Severyanka ya daɗe da rasa dacewa kuma ba a amfani dashi a halin yanzu don kasuwanci.
Amma masu aikin lambu ba sa son yin ban kwana da wannan itaciyar, samun ƙarin fa'idodi a ciki, wani lokacin ba tare da lura da fa'idodi da yawa na nau'ikan ba.