Ana daukar tumatir a matsayin ɗayan shahararrun kayan lambu, don haka yana da wahala a sami lambun kayan lambu wanda ba shi da shi. Koyaya, ba kowane mai gida bane zai iya yin alfahari da yalwar girbi da manyan 'ya'yan itace. Babban bangare na matsalar noman tumatir shi ne rashin kiyaye dokokin fasahar noma.
Don samun girbi mai yalwa, kuna buƙatar kula da shuke-shuke da kyau, saboda ba duk nau'ikan ke dacewa don shuka kayan lambu a yankuna daban-daban ba.
Waɗanne ayyuka ne aka haɗa a cikin noman tumatir
Yawancin lambu masu son gaskatawa sun yi imanin cewa duk kulawar gadaje na tumatir ana shayar da sako ne. A zahiri, tare da irin wannan ƙanƙantaccen hankali, har ma da mafi yawan wadatattun ƙwayoyin cuta da masu ƙarfin cuta ba za su ba da amfani mai yawa ba. Bari muyi kokarin fahimtar daki-daki ka'idojin da aka yarda dasu gaba daya domin shuka tumatir.
Agrotechnology don bunkasa tumatir ya ƙunshi waɗannan maki:
- zaɓi na tsaba (musamman iri) - wasu nau'ikan tumatir sun dace da kowane yanki;
- shirya iri don dasawa (jiƙa don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da motsa kuzari);
- ƙirƙirar yanayi don tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (hasken wuta, zafin jiki, shayarwa, ciyarwa);
- tsince tsirrai;
- zabar wuri don gadon lambu da shirya ƙasa;
- dasa tsire-tsire zuwa gadaje;
- shayarwa;
- hadi;
- rigakafin cututtuka;
- weeding da loosening na kasar gona;
- samuwar bushes da pinching, garter na shuke-shuke masu tsayi (koda kuwa tumatir ba shi da ƙarfi, bai kamata ka kauce wa waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba);
- girbi.
Baya ga manyan matakai, ƙarin ayyukabayar da gudummawa ga ingantaccen al'adu:
- mulching gonar;
- lura da tsire-tsire tare da haɓaka masu haɓaka;
- gina matsuguni na ɗan lokaci don kariya daga yanayin sanyi (wanda aka yi daga fim ko agrofibre);
- dasa shuki a cikin unguwa wanda ke kore kwari.
Don yin biyayya ga tsarin kula da tsire-tsire, ƙwararrun lambu sun tsara shirin aiwatarwa a farkon kakar.
Wace ƙasa tumatir ke so?
Tumatir na iya girma a kusan kowace ƙasa, tambaya ita ce yawan aikin shiryawa.
An lura da mafi kyawun noman sakamako akan sako-sako da ƙasa mai narkewa tare da danshi mai kyau da izinin iska... Irin waɗannan halayen suna da mallaka, misali, ta hanyar loams. Matsakaici ya zama tsaka tsaki ko ɗan acidic, amma ba mai guba ba.
Kafin shiga jirgi, kuna buƙata duba matakin pH ta yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje ko takarda. Idan mai nuna alama ya wuce darajar 5.5-6.5, to ya kamata a gudanar da magani don daidaita acidity. Saboda wannan, ana fesa fulawar dolomite ko murƙushe lemun tsami a farfajiyar ƙasar, wanda sai a hankali a haɗe shi da ƙasa tare da rake.
Forasa don tumatir ya kamata ya zama mai ni'ima, wadatacce da potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, zinc da sauran abubuwan da aka samo.
Lokacin amfani da takin zamani a matakin shirya wurin dasa shuki, ana amfani da takin gargajiya da takin zamani mai hadadden yanayi. Koyaya, ya kamata a lura da hakan bai kamata a kwashe ku da abubuwan cakuda masu gina jiki ba, zaka iya kona samari ko harzuka mugayen ganye don cutar da samuwar 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Lokacin zabar wuri don lambun tumatir, kuna buƙatar la'akari da irin amfanin gonar da aka shuka akan sa a shekarar da ta gabata.
Magabata za su iya lalata ƙasa sosai ta yadda da wuya a sami manyan 'ya'yan tumatir. Hakanan ya shafi dokar juyawar amfanin gona; ba a ba da shawarar dasa shuki a yanki ɗaya ba.
Yadda za a shirya ƙasa don tumatir
Dogaro da matakin ƙwarin ƙasa na ƙasa da tsarinta, zaɓin takin mafi kyau duka an zaɓi.
A cikin greenhouse
Ya kamata ku fara shirya ƙasa a cikin greenhouse a cikin kaka. Don masu farawa yana da daraja rabu da dukkan tsire-tsire, kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta cikin nasara hunturu da shi.
Don samun vermicompost, ana ba da shawarar kai tsaye bayan girbi shuka kore taki (kamar mustard). A lokacin sanyi, za su yi girma, kuma ana iya yanke su. Zai yiwu a tantance sakamakon aiki a cikin bazara, za a warke ƙasa, a tsabtace ta da ciyawa kuma a wadata ta da abubuwan gina jiki.
Idan aka lura da barkewar cututtuka yayin lokacin, to ƙasa zata buƙaci a canza ta. Don yin wannan, an cire layin 20-30 cm gaba ɗaya kuma an fitar dashi daga cikin greenhouse. Dole ne a kula da dukkan bangarorin tsarin tare da kayan gwari. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da mai duba ƙwan wuta.
Wani sabon layin lafiyayyen ƙasa ya biyo baya wadatar da taki, takin zamani ko hadadden takin mai magani... Mafi kyawun cakuda ƙasa don greenhouse ya haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa:
- ƙasar lambu mai ni'ima;
- peat;
- rairayi mara nauyi;
- takin zamani;
- rubabben taki.
A lokacin bazara, ana buƙatar sake tsarkake fuskokin greenhouse, kuma yi aiki tare da bayani na musamman (misali, Baikal-EM) don maganin kashe cuta, da zuba tafasasshen ruwa bisa gado don dumama duniya.
Makonni 2 kafin dasa shuki, an shigar da superphosphate (30 g), ammonium nitrate (20 g) da potassium sulfate (15 g) a cikin kasar. Ba a yi amfani da sabo da taki a lokacin bazara, yana tsokanar ci gaban sama, yana rage samuwar 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Don samun girbi da wuri, ana shirya gadaje masu dumi. Tare da wannan dabarar, ana sauya ranakun saukarwa makonni 2-4 da suka gabata.
A cikin filin budewa
Hakanan an shirya gado na lambu a filin buɗewa a lokacin bazara. Don wannan ya kamata cire duk tarkacen tsire-tsire kuma tono ƙasa tare da zurfin nutsewar kayan aiki akan bayoneti na shebur. Lokaci guda tare da digging gabatar da kwayoyin halitta (takin, taki) a cikin nauyin 6-8 kg 1 m2.
A lokacin bazara, an sake haƙa gado kuma makonni 1-2 kafin dasa shukokin sarrafa tare da zafi bayani na jan karfe sulfate (don maganin kamuwa da cuta). Don kada kasar ta huce, an rufe ta da fim kafin a dasa shukokin.
A lokacin dasa shuki, ana zuba cakuda mai gina jiki a cikin kowane rami: humus, takin, peat, tokar itace.
Dokoki don shuka tumatir don samun girbi mai kyau
Taki
A lokacin girma, tumatir wajibi ne ciyar sau da yawa, to zaka iya haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da muhimmanci.
A cikin filin budewa an gabatar da rabo na farko mako guda bayan dasa shukokin. Don wannan, maganin lita 10 na ruwa ya fi dacewa, Art. l. nitrophosphate da 500 ml na ruwa mullein. Ga kowane daji, kimanin lita 0.5 aka cinye.
A karo na biyu, ana gabatar da ƙarin abinci a lokacin fure. A wannan matakin, maganin lita 10 na ruwa, 500 ml na taki kaza mai ruwa, fasaha. superphosphate, ciki har da potassium sulfate.
Bayan kwanaki 10, ana iya ciyar da tsire-tsire tare da mafita dangane da Agricola Vegeta ko Tumatir Signor. Bayan wasu kwanaki 10-14, gadajen suna wadata da samfuri bisa lita 10 na ruwa, 1 tbsp. potassium humate (ko sodium).
A cikin greenhouse ana amfani da ciyarwa ta farko akan ramuka lokacin dasa shuki, ramin ya cika da takin zamani, humus da tokar itace.
Ana aiwatar da kashi na biyu na cakuda mai gina jiki bayan makonni 2-3. An sanya takin mai magani a cikin Bucket na ruwa: nitrogen (25 gr.), Potash (15 gr.), Phosphoric (40 gr.). Zuba lita 1 na maganin aiki a ƙarƙashin kowane daji.
Ana amfani da suturar saman ta gaba a lokacin lokacin yawan fure. Daga gaurayawan abinci, abun da ke bisa ruwa (10 l), mullein mai ruwa (500 ml) da potassium sulfate (15 g) sun dace. An zuba ruwa lita 1-1.5 a ƙarƙashin kowane daji.
Ana aiwatar da hanyoyi masu zuwa a tsakanin tazarar 10-14 (nitrophoska, potassium humate da sauran jami'ai).
Tsarin Bush
Don tsire-tsire kada ya ɓata makamashi a banza, ana bada shawara don samar da bishiyoyi a cikin mai tushe 1, 2, 3.
Babban tushe ya fito ne daga asalin, daga ganyen da ke ƙasa, a cikin ɗakunan da aka kafa 'ya'yan ango. Godiya garesu, shukar ta fita, suna shan yawancin abubuwan gina jiki.
Dukkanin ayyukan suna ci gaba da cutar da samuwar ovaries da 'ya'yan itace saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki. saboda haka Dole ne a cire 'ya'yan ango duk bayan kwana 5, da kuma samar da tumatir tare da wasu adadi mai yawa.
Ana aiwatar da wannan aikin ba tare da la'akari da inda noman ya girma ba, ya kasance ƙasa buɗe ko greenhouse.
Ban ruwa daidai
Ban ruwa a bude gadaje ne da za'ayi 1-2 sau a mako... A cikin yanayin bushe mai zafi, yawan ba da ruwa yana ƙaruwa har sau 3-4... Koyaya, mahimmin yanke hukunci shine matakin damshin ƙasa. Contentara yawan danshi na haifar da ci gaban cututtukan fungal, don haka bai kamata ku tafi da ban ruwa ba.
A cikin greenhouse, ana ba da izinin yawan ban ruwa dangane da laima na iska da ƙasa. A ƙa'ida, ana aiwatar da matakai ta amfani da ɗigon ruwa ko tsarin ban ruwa na ƙasa.
Sassautawa da mulching
Don wadatar da kasar gona da iskar oxygen da hana samuwar ɓawon ɓawon burodi a cikin greenhouses da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa, ana yin sassauci, wanda galibi ana haɗa shi da weeding.
Ana aiwatar da hanyar farko bayan ban ruwa na farko tare da nutsarwa a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 8-10 cm.Ragewa mai zuwa yana ba da zurfin 3-4 cm.Mayyukan ayyukan shine Sau 3-4 a kowane yanayi, amma har zuwa lokacinda ciyawar zata girma. Bayan cikakkiyar samuwar, hanyoyin da ba dole ba tsakanin tsirrai na iya cutar da su.
A cikin greenhouse, loosening na farko shima ana yin sa ne bayan an sha ruwa. Ana aiwatar da hanyoyi masu zuwa kowane sati 2 har sai layuka sun rufe.
Don riƙe danshi a cikin ƙasa, ana tumɓuke gadaje na tumatir da busasshiyar bambaro, sawdust ko peat.
Ya kamata kaurin mai shiga ya zama a tsakanin 6-7 cm (bayan kayan sun kankane). Hakanan ana amfani dasu azaman ciyawa: burlap, newsprint, yankakken bawo, busasshiyar ciyawa, da sauransu.
Sirrin noman tumatir da kuma wadataccen girbi na 'ya'yan itatuwa
Kowane gogaggen mai kula da lambu yana da nasa sirrin da ke ba da tabbacin yawan amfanin gona ko da kuwa a yanayin yanayi mara kyau. Shawarwarin da ke gaba sun fice tsakanin masu tasiri da masu ban sha'awa.
- Don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa a lokacin furannin buroshi na biyu da na uku, ana bada shawara fesa tsire tare da tushen boric acid (raunin hankali) Boron na inganta ƙwayoyin pollen, samuwar ƙwai da 'ya'yan itace.
- Yawancin tumatir suna cin gashin kansu. Amma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau, ana aiwatar da aikin gurɓataccen aiki, saboda haka, taimakon ɗan adam ba zai tsoma baki tare da shuka ba. Don wannan kuna buƙatar kaɗan girgiza daji sau daya a kowane kwana 3-6.
- Mulching gadaje da tumatir yana hana kasar gona bushewa, samuwar wata kwasfa a saman kasa. Bugu da kari, ciyawa na rage yawan ci gaban weeds - babban makiyin kayan lambu.
- Shirye-shiryen ƙasa na kaka yana samar da ƙaruwa mai yawa idan takin, taki a haɗe da peat ana amfani dashi azaman takin mai magani.
- Ga lambu da yawa, kiwo ya kasance aikin da ba a ci gaba ba, sabili da haka, ba kowa ke iya samun 'ya'yan itatuwa tare da halayen da aka bayyana akan lakabin iri ba. Cire harbe marasa amfani yana sake juyawar gudanwar abinci da kuzari zuwa samuwar manyan tumatir. Bugu da kari, suna da lokacin balaga kafin karshen kakar wasan.
Gabaɗaya, fasahar noma ba ta da rikitarwa, kodayake tana da wasu fasaloli, amma yana yiwuwa a ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. Bayan samun gogewa game da noman tumatir, kuna iya yin kwaskwarima da ci gaba a cikin dokokin kulawa, sannan ku raba tare dasu a dandalin tattaunawa.