Wannan nau'in pear din an kirkireshi ne a makarantar koyon aikin gona ta Timiryazev ta masana kimiyya Potapov da Chizhov. Lokacin ketarewa, ana amfani da nau'ikan Lesnaya Krasavitsa da Olgawanda ya ba da ɗanɗano da juriya ga cututtuka da yawa.
Pear Chizhovskaya ya sami gwaji iri-iri kuma a cikin 1933 an raba shi (an ba da shawarar namo) a yankuna uku: Volga ta Tsakiya, Tsakiya da Arewa maso Yamma. Amma mafi yawancin lokuta ana yin irin wannan nau'in a cikin lambunan Samara, Moscow da Vladimirovsk. A cikin wannan labarin, zaku iya fahimtar kanku game da halaye da kwatancin nau'in pear na Chizhovskaya - kwanakin girma, siffofin kulawa, cututtukan itace da hanyoyin ma'amala da su.
Bayanin iri-iri
Kambi na itace, mai kama da dala ko mazugi, wanda aka kafa shi da ɗan rassan rassa kaɗan. Tsawon da kaurin harbe-harben da aka rufe da jan-kasa-kasa ko haushi mai laushi matsakaita ne. Rassan kwarangwal an zana su a cikin launin shuɗi mai launin toka, kuma gangar jikin ta yi launin toka-toka.
Tsayin itacen (daidaitaccen nau'in) na iya bambanta daga mita 1.8 zuwa 2.5... Numberananan lambobi (tsari tare da ƙananan ramuka, an rufe su da sako-sako da nama) suna kan akwati kusan matakin ƙasa. Gashi mai duhu, ɗan karkataccen buds yana da siffar mazugi.
Ganyayyaki matsakaici ne kuma suna da kyakkyawan launi mai launi. Suna da sifa irin ta elongated oval, kuma a gefen gefan ƙananan ƙananan hakoran hakora ne. Bar tare da santsi mai kyau da ƙasa, an haɗa su zuwa ga rassan ta amfani da yankan matsakaici na tsayi.
Furen fari na matsakaiciyar diamita mai kamannin kwano. Corolla an ƙirƙira ta petals tare da gefen mai ƙarfi. Guraren, kamar furanni, farare ne tsarkakakku. An tattara su a cikin inflorescences na nau'in garkuwa, 5-7.
Halaye na 'ya'yan itacen, lokacin girbi
Chizhevsky iri-iri yana ba da fruitsa mediuman si-matsakaiciya na girman kololuwar siffar pear, wanda nauyinsa zai iya bambanta daga gram 110 zuwa 140... Coveredasa mai santsi na pears tare da ƙananan dige an rufe shi da fatar fata mai taushi, ya bushe don taɓawa.
'Ya'yan itacen suna da launi iri ɗaya (launi na iya bambanta daga kore zuwa rawaya) ba tare da aibobi masu haske ba. Suna haɗuwa da rassa tare da gajerun sanduna. Yawan launin ruwan kasa tare da nasihu mai haske a cikin pear daya ya bambanta daga guda 5 zuwa 10.
'Ya'yan wannan nau'ikan suna jan hankalin kansu da ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai, wanda ke fitar da ƙamshi mai daɗi. Thean ɓangaren litattafan almara na iya zama farin rawaya ko rawaya mai haske. An ɗanɗano ɗanɗano-mai ɗanɗano na wannan pear daga maki 4.1 zuwa 4.2 da masu ɗanɗano. Ana iya amfani da 'ya'yan itacen sabo, kazalika a cikin shirye-shiryen marinades, compotes da ruwan' ya'yan itace... An sami babban sugars, mai narkewa da busassun abubuwa da bitamin P a cikin abun da ke cikin pears.
Chizhovskaya iri-iri nasa ne na tsaka-tsakin matasan zamani wadanda suka fara a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon kaka. (Aug. Satumba). 'Ya'yan itacen za su iya zama a kan rassan na dogon lokaci, amma abin da ke da ban sha'awa musamman, kasancewa cikakke, lokacin da aka saukad da shi a ƙasa mai laushi ko ciyawa, ba sa lalacewa kuma ana adana su na tsawon mako guda. A zazzabi na digiri 0, ana adana 'ya'yan itacen tsawon watanni 2 zuwa 4... 'Ya'yan itacen suna tsayayya da jigilar abubuwa a kan nesa mai nisa.
Tun da pear Chizhovskaya ya sanya 'ya'yan itace kawai tare da gicciye (kusan mai-kai-da-kai), don samun amfanin gona na yau da kullun, ana shuka wasu nau'o'in kusa da ita - pollinators (Rogneda, Severyanka, Lada). Yawancin lokaci suna a nesa na mita 4 zuwa 5 daga babban iri-iri.
Wannan nau'in an fi so musamman da lambu don gaskiyar cewa Bishiyoyi suna fara ba da amfanin gona tuni a cikin shekaru 3-4 na noman kuma yana faruwa akai-akai. Samfurori na manya na iya samar da kilogram 50 a kowace bishiya.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani
Daga cikin sauran nau'ikan, pear Chizhovskaya ya yi fice:
- kwarai da gaske scab resistant da kuma zuwa wasu cututtuka;
- babba hunturu hardiness;
- jimiri zuwa mummunan yanayin canjin yanayi.
Rashin dacewar sun hada da raguwar sanadiyyar nauyin 'ya'yan itace tare da karin shekarun bishiyar. Idan 'ya'yan pears suna da' ya'yan itatuwa masu nauyin gram 110-140, to a shekara 10 suna da kimanin gram 80-90.
Zaɓin kujera da saukowa
Don dasa shukakkun pez na Chizhovskaya, an zaɓi wurare masu haske tare da haɓaka, ƙasa mai yalwa da wadataccen kayan abinci. Yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana cikin zurfin zurfin ƙasa.
Kaka ana daukar lokaci mafi kyau.lokacin da lokacin girma ya ƙare gaba ɗaya (ganye gaba ɗaya ya tashi daga seedling). Amma zaka iya yin wannan a lokacin bazara, har zuwa lokacin da buds zai farka (farkon lokacin girma).
Ana haƙa rami don shuka dasa 60 zuwa 60 a 80 cm 80. Idan ƙasa a cikin keɓaɓɓen filin ko dacha bai da kyau, to girman ramin ya ƙaru da 20-30 cm. Idan ƙasa laka ce, to dole ne a zuba magudanan ruwa a ƙasan ramin, wanda ya kamata yashi da yashi ko kananan kango. Tsayin Layer na iya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 15 cm.
Inda akwai yashi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, ana zuba ƙasa ta yumbu a ƙasan ramin tare da murfi na 5 zuwa 10 cm... Ana yin hakan ne don kada ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki da sauri su tafi ƙananan matakan duniya.
Zai fi kyau a sayi shuki don shuka tun yana da shekara 1 zuwa 3. Amma bishiyoyi masu shekaru 1-2 suna samun tushe da sauri. Tsayin irin waɗannan tsirrai na nau'ikan Chizhovskaya yawanci yakan kasance daga mita 1.3 zuwa mita 1.8. Tsawon tushen ya zama aƙalla 20 cm, kuma kaurin gangar jikin ya zama fiye da 1-1.5 cm.
Kafin dasa shuki, yana da kyau a bi da tushen tsarin cikin maganin heteroauxin ko wani abin kara kuzari don ci gaban tushen.... Tushen ana jike shi na tsawon awanni 3 zuwa 12. Kafin dasa su, ana bincika su, sun karye, sun bushe kuma an gajerta su sosai.
Tushen a cikin ramin dasa ya kamata ya dace da yardar kaina kuma a ko'ina. Don yin barci ana shirya cakuda na ƙasa daga lambun ƙasa mai dausayi, da ruɓaɓɓen taki (humus), da potassium sulfate (gram 350) da superphosphate (gram 350). Da farko dai, an zuba ƙasa mai kyau a kan tushen (tare da murfin 10 zuwa 15 cm), sannan - tare da cakuda da takin mai ma'adinai.
Tabbatar tabbatar da cewa babu wasu kofofin ramuka tsakanin tushen. Bayan an cika ramin a rabi, a ɗan shafa shi yadda ƙasa zata yi daidai da tushen.
Bayan dasa shuki, zubda ruwa mai yawa akan wurin dasa shuken kuma cika ƙasa mai tsayi. Yana da kyau a dunkule ƙasan ƙasar da ke jikin akwatin (murfi) tare da peat, husks, kwakwalwan itace ko sawdust. Wannan dabarar tana taimaka wajan riƙe danshi a cikin ƙasa, yana hana matsewa kuma yana hana yawancin ciyawar bayyanar.
Kar ka manta da sanya fegi tsakanin tushen lokacin dasa shuki, wanda zai riƙe seedling a lokacin mummunan yanayi.
Chizhovskaya kula da pear
Kula da pear na nau'in Chizhovskaya ya ƙunshi ciyarwa, shayarwa, datsawa da yaƙar cututtuka da kwari.
Shayarwa
Shayarwa koyaushe a cikin kakar kawai ga matasa pears a farkon 3-4 shekaru bayan dasa. A ciki ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa kasar ta jike sosai zuwa asalin zurfin... Irin wannan ban ruwa yana taimakawa saurin kafawa da kyakkyawan ci gaban shuke-shuke.
Ana shayar da bishiyun da suka manyanta sau kaɗan kawai a kowane lokaci (daga 3 zuwa 7), amma bai kamata a kiyaye ruwa ba. Tabbatar shayar da pears kafin flowering kuma nan da nan bayan flowering., da kuma a cikin kaka (a ƙarshen kakar).
Bayan kowace shayarwa ko ruwan sama mai yawa, kasar da ke kewayen gangar an kwance zuwa zurfin 10 zuwa 15 cm.
Top miya
Don wannan nau'in pear ɗin yayi girma sosai, haɓakawa da bayar da amfanin ƙasa, ana buƙatar ƙarin ciyarwa. Ana ciyar da tsire-tsire sau ɗaya a shekara a farkon bazara... Don yin wannan, ana dunƙule da'irar akwati tare da ruɓaɓɓen taki (tsayin ƙasa daga 4 zuwa 6 cm), kuma an ƙara takin mai ma'adinai (azofoska ko Kemira). Itace ɗaya ta isa daga gram 100 zuwa 150.
Ana ciyar da manyan bishiyoyin pear a cikin faduwa yayin haƙawa... Don yin wannan, yi amfani da kashin saniya rabin-rubabbun wasu takin gargajiya. Hakanan kuna buƙatar ƙara potassium sulfate da superphosphate (gram 250-350 kowanne). Domin takin mai magani ya isa asalinsu a cikin adadi mai yawa, sun warwatse tare da diamita na kambi kuma an rufe su yayin haƙa zurfin aƙalla 35 cm.
Har ila yau gudanar da ƙarin ciyarwa, wanda zai iya daidaita girman amfanin gona. Idan yawan ofa fruitsan itace akan bishiyar kaɗan ne, to ana aiwatar da ciyarwa kafin ƙwarwar ta faɗi. Kuma idan akwai 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa, to ana aiwatar da ciyarwa ne bayan kwanya sun fadi.
Yankan
Sababbin bishiyoyin da aka dasa sune kawai a farkon bazara, koda kuwa an dasa su a lokacin bazara. Lokacin datsa tsire-tsire, yana da daraja tunawa cewa yakamata rassan gefen su kasance a jikin akwati aƙalla 50-70 cm daga ƙasa... Kada tsayinsu ya wuce santimita 30-40. Tsakanin tsakiya yana taqaita saboda ya tashi 15-30 cm sama da reshe mafi girma na gefe.
Don manyan pears, ana yin pruning sau biyu a shekara.... A yayin datsewar tsafta, duk karyayyun itacen, mara lafiya da cututtukan cuta, da tsofaffin rassa an cire su. A wani lokaci kuma, ana gudanar da sabon salo, tare da taimakon wanda aka dawo da ci gaban tsire-tsire mai kyau kuma a kiyaye shi a matakin da ya dace, haka kuma an tsara yawan ɗigon filayen.
Lokacin yin datti Tabbatar da yanke rassan shekara-shekara har zuwa shekaru 3-5 da ma tsofaffi. Yana da mahimmanci a sa ido kan ci gaban shekara-shekara. Idan kasa da 15-20 cm, to, za'ayi pruning ana aiwatar dashi mai rauni (na rassan shekara 2-3). Idan girman girman bai kai 15 cm ba, to ana yanka harbe zuwa manyan rassa. Don hana kambin ya yi kauri, an cire wani ɓangare na rassan fruaitingan ciki.
Kwari da yaki da su
Pear Chizhovskaya na iya kai hari ta kwari masu zuwa: kore apple aphid, pear beetle (honeydew), Californian sikelin kwari, pear bug, pear gall mite, apple blossom beetle da bukarka.
Bukarka larvae ciyar da kyallen takarda na ganye da ovaries na fruitsa fruitsan itace, sakamakon haka ganyen da ovaries suka ruguje. Don halakar da wannan kwaro, ana amfani da shirye-shiryen kwari tare da abubuwa masu fa'ida, misali, Engio.
Apple ya yi fure beetles a farkon bazara, suna gnaw kumbura kumburi kuma suna cinye ɓangarensu na ciki. Saboda wannan harin, kodan sun rasa ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Furen ƙwaro irin na fure, wanda aka ɗora a cikin buds, yana ciyar da pistil da stamens. Furannin sun fara zama ruwan kasa sannan sun bushe. Wadannan magunguna sun dace don yaƙar ta: Iskra, Fufanol, Karate, Fastak da Sherpa. Yawancin lokaci magani ɗaya ne kawai ake aiwatarwa.
Cututtuka
Daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi hatsari ga wannan nau'ikan pear din sune cytosporosis, tushen daji da sanyi.
Cytosporosis galibi galibi yana bayyana akan ƙusoshin gangar jikin da kuma rassan shekaru waɗanda ke haifar da itacen itace. Ya bayyana a matsayin wuri mai launin ruwan hoda, mai ɗan taƙaici a ciki. Ba da daɗewa ba, sai manyan fasa suka bayyana a gefen gefunan tabo da kan katako mai lafiya, kuma baƙin da ke jikin tabon ya yi laushi. Idan cutar ta bayyana ba da daɗewa ba, to, an tsabtace tabo sosai, ana bi da shi da jan ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe da kuma wani lambu na musamman na lambu.
Frost breakers ya bayyana tare da ragin ƙarfi a cikin zafin jiki, lokacin da ɗakunan itacen na waje sun fi karfi fiye da na ciki. Hawaye da suka haifar da sanyi ana tsabtace su zuwa lafiyayyen itace, sannan a kula dasu da ruwan Bordeaux ko jan ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe kuma an rufe su da farar ƙasa.
Ciwon daji ya bayyana a cikin pears a cikin hanyar girma a wuraren talla, kusa da tushen abin wuya da kuma tushen. Da farko, girma mai laushi yana ƙaruwa cikin girma da taurin lokaci. Bayyanar cutar kansa ta haifar da dakatar da ci gaba da bunƙasa ƙananan bishiyoyi. Yana da kusan babu mummunan sakamako a kan girma pears.
Don hana wannan cutar bayyana daga gonarka, kana bukatar ka sayi lafiyayyun tsire-tsire daga wuraren noman masana'antu... Kuma kada ku dasa su a inda bishiyar 'ya'yan itace masu cutar suka girma.
Bayani
Borovchanka: Mun dasa itacen pear na Chizhovskaya a cikin dacha kusa da Borovsk a 1998 a matsayin ɗan shekara ɗaya. Itacen ya girma ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kodayake rukunin yanar gizon yana kan tsauni kuma iska tana buwarsa sosai, bai taɓa yin sanyi ba. Kowace shekara muna sa ido ga aƙalla 'ya'yan itace ɗaya da za mu ɗanɗana. Wasu lokuta akwai 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa, amma ba mu samu ba. Yayin da muka sake zuwa, tsuntsaye sun riga sun yi nasarar cinye su, sai suka faɗi. Amma haƙurinmu ya sami lada! Mun sami girbi mai ban mamaki a bara! Kyawun mu yayi kyau da kayan marmari harma munyi nadamar bata mata irin wannan kayan! Mijin yayi farin ciki kamar yaro, kuma a hankali ya matsa masa pears din. Gwanin wannan iri-iri yana da ban mamaki. Theangaren litattafan almara yana da m, mai dadi. Kuma me kamshi !!! Kuna iya aminci girma wannan nau'in a cikin yanayinmu. Forumasar Tattaunawa
Syoma: Pear Chizhovskaya ya fara bada 'ya'ya tsawon shekaru 2 bayan dasa shuki, yayi' ya'ya a kowace shekara. Frost a cikin hunturu da fari suna jurewa ba tare da wani sakamako na bayyane ba. Tauraruwar lambun