Tsuntsayen tsuntsu bishiyoyi ne masu ban mamaki, furanninsu suna da alaƙa da tsinkayen bazara. Amma, yawancin masu aikin lambu basa shuka shi a makircinsu, suna masu imanin cewa wannan tsiron yana jawo kowane irin ƙwayoyin cuta, har ma yana inganta haifuwarsu da daidaitawa a gonar. A cikin wannan labarin, bari mu bincika bayanin da ƙa'idodin kula da ƙwarjin tsuntsaye Maak.
A zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne, ganye da ƙananan bishiyoyi suna ɓoye adadi mai yawa na phytoncides, waɗanda guba ce mai saurin kisa ga mafi yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa da ƙananan kwari kamar su kaska, matsakaita ko sauro. Abin da ya sa kenan, idan kuka bar babban kwandon buhunan ceri a cikin dakin, mutane suna fama da ciwon kai.
Hakanan kar a manta game da ɗanɗano da ƙoshin lafiya da wannan bishiyar take bayarwa... Kuna iya dafa jam, kidaya daga garesu, yi amfani da su azaman cikewar yin burodi, ko kawai ku ci, muddin dai iri da aka shuka abin ci ne.
A yanzu haka, mazauna lokacin rani suna da damar yin amfani da kusan iri ashirin na wannan tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa, duka tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu ci da kayan ƙayatarwa, gami da ƙwanƙwarwar tsuntsun Maak.
Bayanin tsuntsaye iri-iri Maaka
Shahararren masanin tsirrai na duniya Franz Ivanovich Ruprecht ya fara bayyana daddare tsuntsaye, wanda masu lambu suka fi sani da Maaka, a cikin 1857. DA wannan nau'ikan ya samo sunansa daga sunan masanin halittar Rasha kuma mai bincike Richard Karlovich Maak, wanda ya bayyana shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, kwarin Ussuri da Amur a cikin 1855-59.
A dabi'a, wannan bishiyar, kwata-kwata ba ta yi kama da tsuntsayen ceri da ke girma a Siberia ba, ana samunsu a bakin bankunan koguna da koguna a China, Koriya, da Rasha - a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Ba shi yiwuwa a lura da irin wannan kyakkyawar - ganyen fure mai kyalli, ƙaramar rawaya mai haske da fararen furanni warwatse a kan kambi a bazara, ko gungu na 'ya'yan itace baƙar fata tare da shunayya mai ƙanshi a ƙarshen bazara. Haushi yana da ban sha'awa musamman - daga tagulla na zinare zuwa launin ruwan kasa, yana haskakawa a cikin hasken rana da wata, yana zubewa a rabe-rabe, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar shaggy, translucent gering.
Tsayin itace a cikin daji ya kai Mita 16-18, da akwati – 40 cm a cikin diamita Wannan tsuntsun ceri na furanni a ƙarshen bazara, tare da ƙananan furanni waɗanda aka tattara a goge goge.
A lokacin furanni, ya fi kyau kada a kusanci shukar, saboda a cikin yini a cikin kambin akwai ɗan tauri daga ƙudan zuma da ke zuwa don ruwan sanyi. Gwargwadon tsuntsun Maak yana duniya sananne ne a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyaun shuke-shuke, wanda ƙudan zuma suke tabbatar da shi kai tsaye. Sabili da haka, bayan kun dasa wannan nau'in a gonar, yana da ma'ana kuyi tunani game da kan ku.
Zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, drupes ripen. Ungiyoyin suna da kyau ƙwarai, amma 'ya'yan itacen da kansu ba za a iya cin ɗan adam ba, saboda tsananin ɗacin rai da kuma murfin launi mai launi. Amma, idan har yanzu kuna samun dama ku haɗiye berriesan itace guda biyu, ban da dogon ruwan hoda na harshe, zaku iya samun kyakkyawan laxative sakamako.
Bears suna da matukar son cin 'ya'yan itacen Maak. Sabili da haka, idan gonar tana kusa da wurin ajiyar yanayi ko wuraren farauta, ba zai cutar da motsa jiki a tsakiyar lokacin bazara ba.
Tsuntsaye da squirrels suna da banbanci sosai game da drupes, kuma da bushewar bishiyoyi da sauri suna kwance manyan bishiyoyin da suka faɗi.
Itacen yana da ban sha'awa sosai ba kawai don asalinsa na waje ba, har ma da halayensa na duniya, wanda ya ba wannan nau'in jin daɗi a kusan kowane gidan rani a tsakiyar layin.
Bird cherry Maak:
- sanyi-mai jurewa, a sauƙaƙe yana jure yanayin yanayin subzero har zuwa digiri 40-45;
- ba mai matukar bukatar kasa ba, yana girma a kan kowace ƙasa, amma yana da kyan gani sosai inda aka dasa shi a cikin yashi mai yashi mai danshi.
- ba mai saukin kamuwa da fari ba, seedan itace kawai ke buƙatar shayarwa a shekarar farko ta shuka, amma har ma ba koyaushe ba;
- cikin nutsuwa fama da ambaliyar na ɗan lokaci da ruwan sama mai dorewa;
- iya girma cikin inuwa, amma ya fi kyau sosai a cikin makiyaya mai haske;
- barin ya sauko zuwa samuwar kambin da ake so;
- ba ruwansu da aski, dasawa, tiled, baƙin ƙarfe ko kwalta a kan tushen tsarin;
- ya mallaka sosai saurin girma;
- propagated da tsaba, amma ba zai damu da ninka tare da yanka ba.
Lalle ne, iri-iri iri-iri.
Waɗannan halayen sun jawo hankalin mashahurin mai kiwo Michurin a cikin tsuntsun tsuntsun Maak, lokacin da shi da ma'aikatansa suka yi aiki don haɓaka halayen cherries. A lokacin gicciye na farko, an sami yawancin aladu, wanda a ci gaba da aiki kawai sakamakon haɗa ceri tsuntsu da stepe ceri da kuma lambun da ke shaye da lambun da ya gabata... An gabatar da ita ga duniyar tsirrai da masu lambu, an san nau'ikan ƙarancin bishiyoyi a ƙarƙashin sunan cerapadus, ma'ana, kunkuru.
Halaye na nau'ikan Maaka
Prunus maackii, ko Padus maackii, kamar yadda yake a Latin da aka yarda da shi a cikin tsire-tsire, ana kiran wannan nau'in tsuntsun ceri, yana da halaye masu zuwa na ban sha'awa ga mai lambu:
- tsayin itace a matsakaita ya kai Mita 10-11;
- madaidaiciya harbe, "Erect", balaga tare da madaidaicin ganye;
- ganyen oval, mai sauƙi tare da gefuna masu kaifi da ƙira;
- inflorescences tseren tsere;
- furanni farare ne, a matsakaita a 1 cm, biyar-petal, tare da wadataccen ƙanshi;
- yana ba da fruita fruita tare da berriesa berriesan itace waɗanda ba za su iya cin 'yan adam ba, a cikin yanayin girma - ja, a cikin cikakke mataki - violet-black, lilac.
Fa'idodi da rashin amfani
Daga cikin fa'idodin da ba za a iya musantawa ba na dasa shukar ceri a cikin gidan ku na rani, ana iya bambanta waɗannan masu zuwa:
- maras kyau zuwa abun da ke cikin ƙasa;
- baya buƙatar kulawa mai kyau;
- yana tsoratar da matsakaita, sauro da kaska;
- baya buƙatar shayarwain banda shekarar farko ta rayuwa;
- yana da damar mara iyaka a yayin ƙirƙirar abubuwan shimfidar wuri;
- saurin girma;
- girma a rana mai haske da inuwa.
Ganyayyun ganyen wannan bishiyar suna da arzikin nitrogen, lemun tsami da potassium. Wannan yana ba da damar amfani da dawakai don humus mai kyau da inganta zuriyar dabbobi.
Rashin dacewar dasa wannan bishiyar a gonar sun hada da irin wannan lokacin:
- itace mai daukar hoto, mafi karancin tazara tsakanin tsirrai ya kamata ya zama mita 5, kuma idan kirin tsuntsu ya kuduri niyyar zama a inuwa, to ya fi haka;
- mai yawa girma tushen;
- rashin yiwuwar drupeswanda da shi ne nau'o'in Maaka ke ba da 'ya'ya;
- damar samun ciwon kai tare da dogon tsayawa kusa da itacen furanni;
- jawo ƙudan zuma, Bumblebees da wasps a lokacin fure, wanda yake da matukar hadari ga masu fama da rashin lafiyan.
Dokokin sauka
Ba shi da wahala a zabi wuri don tsuntsun Maak tsuntsu, zai yi kyau sosai kuma ya yi jijiya sosai a kowane kusurwa na gonar. Idan akwai wurare masu danshi akan shafin, misali, saboda kusancin kasa, to bishiyar zata bushe irin wannan yanayin.
Ta hanyar ra'ayi mai kyau, wannan tsire-tsire an haɗa shi da kusan komai a duniya, yana da kyau duka a cikin rukunin shuka, alal misali, yayin sauya tare da shuke-shuke a kan iyakokin rukunin yanar gizon, kuma da kansa, a kan bayan ciyawar ciyawa, a wani kusurwa kusa da gini.
Wannan nau'ikan ba shi da wuyar sha'ani, yana jurewa dasawa da kyau, yana saurin daidaitawa kuma ya samu gindin zama a sabon wuri, saboda haka, babu wasu dabaru na musamman lokacin dasa bishiya. Yakamata a bi manyan jagororin, kamar su:
- shirya ramin sauka, Ba lallai ba ne don zurfafawa sosai da ɗauke da takin mai magani, musamman ma na ɗabi'a, yawansu na iya lalata ƙwayoyin;
- mafi kyau duka seedling tsawo 70-75 cmidan kayan shuka sun fi girma, zai fi kyau a gajarce shi;
- lokacin dasa shuki biyu ko fiye shuke-shuke, wanda ke da kyau ga zaben-giciye, Nisa tsakanin su ya zama mita 5-6;
- a cikin ramin da kake bukata rarraba tushen kuma kuyi barci, kuna shayarwa sosai;
- ƙasa kusa da shuka ciyawa kadan.
An dasa ceri na tsuntsaye a farkon bazara ko ƙarshen kaka; lokacin dasa shuki, ya kamata ƙasa ta narke.
Kula da bishiyoyi
Abu ne mai sauki a kula da ceri na tsuntsu - a cikin shekarar farko ko biyu ta rayuwarsa a shafin, itaciyar tana bukatar a shayar da ita lokaci-lokaci, yana da mahimmanci a kula da samuwar kambi na gaba a farkon shekarun shuka.
Lokacin da harbe na farko na gefe ya bayyana, yana da kyau a bar 4-5 na mafi haɓaka kuma kallon wurare daban-daban... Hakanan za'a yi tare da rassa a kansu. Dole ne a datse saman harbi don waɗanda ke gefe su ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata. Zai fi kyau a aiwatar da yanka tare da farar lambu.
Wannan zai dauki shekaru da yawa. A cikin itacen da ya rigaya ya girma, idan ana so, zaku iya fitar da kambin daga bakin ciki.
Game da kowane irin suttura, babu ma'ana a sanya su fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu. Idan akwai sha'awar, to zaka iya yin dan karamin ma'adinai kafin furannin tsuntsu mai furasu kara tsayi da yawa.
Cututtuka da kwari
Duk wani ceri na tsuntsu, gami da nau'ikan Maaka, yana da tsayayya ga kwari iri-iri. Amma wannan baya nufin bishiyar ba zata iya yin rashin lafiya kwata-kwata ba.
Cututtukan da suka fi saurin mamaye wannan shuka sune cututtukan fungal. Naman gwari yana tasiri:
- 'ya'yan itace;
- rassa da ganyaye;
- haushi da akwati.
Cututtukan tayi
Drupes (sanannen suna don wannan nau'in tsuntsayen ceri na tsuntsaye) ba su da lafiya a cikin yanayin nakasawa, abin da ake kira "aljihu". Naman gwari yana shafar 'ya'yan itacen, sakamakon haka kwayayen ke girma, wato, bangaren jiki kuma kusan babu kashi da ke tasowa.
Drupes ɗin da suka kamu da cutar sun ɗauki nau'ikan launin ruwan kasa, manyan, kumbura tare da ramuka a cikin ciki - aljihuna. Ci gaban kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa da keta ƙarancin ado na itacen.
Don kariya daga wannan naman gwari, ya zama dole a lalata 'ya'yan itacen da suka lalace, kuma itaciyar kanta dole ne a kula da ita tare da wakilai masu ƙunshe da tagulla. Hakanan zai buƙaci sarrafa tsire-tsire mai lalacewa a cikin bazara, kafin hutun toho.
Cututtukan ganye da rassa
Tsatsan ganye
Wannan cutar ta ɓullo ne musamman a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren shakatawa, amma kuma iya ziyarci lambuna. Naman gwari da ke haifar da wannan matsala yana rayuwa ne a cikin cones na spruce.... Daga inda yake ƙaura zuwa ganye da rassan ceri tsuntsaye.
A watan Yuni, launuka masu launin ruwan kasa ko masu shunayya suna kan ganye, iri ɗaya ne akan rassan. A ƙarshen bazara, itacen gaba ɗaya ya rasa kwalliyarta.
A matsayin yaƙi da wannan cuta, an fesa cherry tsuntsaye da vitriol, suna neman asalin naman gwari - tsire-tsire kuma ya lalata dukkan mazugun da ke kanta.
Clasterosporia, ko tabo
Hole tabo
Bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa a watan Yuni ko a farkon rabin watan Yuli, an rufe ganyayyaki da ɗigon launuka-masu-kasa-kasa da kan iyaka mai haske... Tare da cutar, waɗannan ɗigon suna faɗuwa, kuma itacen yana ba da alamar cin kwari.
Brown tabo
Zuwa ƙarshen bazara akan ganyaye launin ruwan kasa zagaye ta hanyar tabo mai launin rawaya a saman ɓangaren an kafa... Wannan samuwar launin toka shine zafin naman gwari. Tare da ci gaba mai ƙarfi na cutar, an rufe dukkan ganye.
Tabon lemu
A tsakiyar lokacin rani akan ganye launuka masu kusurwa na orange sun bayyana, har zuwa 10 mm a diamita... Lebur, mai launi mai haske. Tare da haɓakar naman gwari, za su iya haɗuwa, suna cikin yankin ganye mai mahimmanci. Wannan cutar ta zama ruwan dare a Siberia da Gabas mai Nisa.
Spotasa mai tsayi
An bayyana shi da bayyanar da zagaye-zagaye na launin toka-mai ɗora-shuɗi tare da rashin fahimtagefuna suna gudana cikin launi na takardar. Zai iya bayyana a duk lokacin bazara kuma da sauri ya rufe mafi yawan kambin bishiyar.
A matsayin yaƙi da kowane irin ɗigon ruwa, ganyen da ya faɗi ya lalace, kuma ana bi da kambin bishiyoyi tare da cakuda Bordeaux ko tushe sau da yawa a lokacin bazara.
Moniliosis, ko ƙonewar monilial
Wata cuta mai daɗi wacce naman gwari ke cutar fure, ganye, harbe-harbe da drupes. A cikin bazara, rassan sun fara bushewa, suna samun launin ruwan kasa mai haske., to irin wannan yana faruwa da ganye da harbe-harbe.
Naman gwari yana girma sosai a cikin danshi, yana sanya bishiyar tayi kama da wacce wuta ta shafa.
Don kiyayewa da kariya daga wannan cutar, an yanke wuraren da aka lalata kuma an lalata su., kuma a cikin bazara, kafin fure, ana kula da itacen da ruwan Bordeaux. Sake fesa shi bayan ya yi fure da kuma lokacin faɗuwa. Tabbatar halakar da ganyen da ya fadi.
Cututtukan katako da haushi
Cytosporosis ko cytospore necrosis
Lokacin da wannan cutar ta fungal ta shafa, bawon itacen ya mutu a cikin zobba a jikin akwati da rassa... A cikin wadannan yankuna, wani karamin rukuni na jajayen cones da ke makwabtaka da juna a bayyane yake a bayyane - wannan shi ne saurin naman gwari.
Wannan necrosis galibi yana shafar tsire-tsire waɗanda wani abu ya raunana su kuma zai iya kashe itacen.
Babu ingantattun matakai don yakar wannan cuta; galibi masu lambu sukan yanke wuraren da suka lalace su lalata su., kuma yankuna masu tasowa na naman gwari a kan akwati suna tsabtace, an wanke su da sabulu da tagulla, an kashe kwayoyin cutar kuma an rufe su da lambun var.
Ciwon gumis
A kan bishiyar akwai yankuna masu ruwa, gum. Abu ne mai launin ambar, gummy. Yawancin lokaci yakan kasance tare da wasu cututtukan, kamar tabo, moniliosis, cytosporic necrosis, da lalacewar inji ga tsuntsun ceri na tsuntsaye, kunar rana mai sanyi, wanda, kodayake yana da matukar wuya, suma suna faruwa. Cutar na haifar da mutuwar harbe-harbe, da rassa, wani lokacin kuma itacen bishiyar.
Yin gwagwarmaya da wannan kamuwa da cuta yana nufin warkar da ƙwayar tsuntsu daga cutar. da datse matattun rassa da harbe-harbe tare da hallaka mai zuwa.
Brown tushen rot
Cutar ta fara ne saboda ayyukan gwaiwar naman gwari Schweinitz, wato, kawai ruɓewa. Naman gwari yana tasowa a tsakiyar ɓangaren tushen sai kai tsaye a jikin bishiyar... A lokaci guda, mushroomsan namomin kaza masu girma suna girma akan sa a ƙasan ceri na tsuntsu.
Tsoffin bishiyoyi masu rauni da rauni. A cikin gandun daji, wuraren shakatawa na gandun daji, tsire-tsire na birane. Yana da matukar wuya a cikin lambun.
Daga cikin ruɓaɓɓun da ke zama a cikin ceri na tsuntsaye, fungi da aka fi sani sune ƙwayoyin cuta irin su:
- plum tinder naman gwari;
- sulfur yellow funda naman gwari;
- purple tinder naman gwari;
- ƙarya tinder naman gwari.
Haɗarin irin wannan cuta shine ko ba dade ko ba jima bishiyar za ta faɗi. Hanyar gwagwarmaya guda ɗaya ce kawai:
- saw yanke;
- tumbu;
- kona rami.
Tsuntsaye ceri karin kwari
Bird ceri yana da matukar tsayayya ga kowane irin kwari, amma wasu har yanzu suna yin hanyar ta kariya ta phytoncide.
Mafi yawan kwarin da suka mamaye ceri na Maak da cutar da shi sune:
Tsotsa kwari
Waɗannan duka kwari ne waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan ruwan itace, ɗanɗano, harbe, rassan da akwati. Mafi yawan baƙi da mazaunan itacen suna coccids, ƙudaje ganye, ƙwarin tsirrai... Mafi yawansu suna cutar da wasu bishiyoyi a cikin lambun, misali, apple ko itacen plum, sannan sai su isa ga tsuntsu ceri.
Insectswari masu cin ganye
Yana:
- caterpillars na butterflies;
- tsutsa masu yawa;
- larvae na ganyen ƙwaro da ƙwaro da kansu;
- hawthorn da tsuntsu ceri asu.
Wasu kwari irin na kwari guda na hawthorn suna saƙa keɓaɓɓiyar gida daga ganye, a ciki suke rayuwa kuma suna ciyarwa.
Masu hakar ma'adinai
Irin wadannan nau'o'in kwari suna ciyarwa kuma suna girma a cikin ganye, suna barin jijiyoyin da ke ciki, daban-daban cikin sifa da launi. Suna motsawa zuwa ceri na tsuntsaye daga bishiyoyin apple.
Masu sana'ar gall
Galls a cikin nau'i na ƙaho fari ko ruwan hoda har zuwa 4 mm tsawo ƙirƙirar mites - gall da ji. Suna da wuya sosai a kan ceri tsuntsaye, kawai a gaban bishiyoyin da ke fama da cutar kusa da nan.
Kara kwari kwari
Waɗannan kwari ne na xylophagous, wato, ƙwayoyin ƙwari da ƙwarin katako. Kimanin nau'ikan jinsuna ashirin suna rayuwa akan ceri tsuntsaye, amma suna shafar tsoffin itace ne kawai, masu mutuwa ko masu cuta.
Babbar hanyar magance duk wadannan kwari itace kemikal. Dole ne a kula da itacen da abin ya shafa sau biyu tare da hanyoyi kamar:
- karbofos;
- kinmix.
Tare da kamuwa da cuta mai ƙarfi, ana iya yin feshi na uku, amma, yawanci, bayan na biyu, duk kwari sun riga sun mutu.
Yanayi da kansa yana ba da kyakkyawar hanyar magance caterpillars. Frosts a farkon watan Mayu na kashe kwari da tuni suke aiki a wannan lokacin. Sabili da haka, wasu yan lambu basu ma san cewa mulkin kwari ne yakamata ya zauna akan wadanda suka fi so ba.
Hanyoyin kariya sun hada da rage sirrin kambi, datti tsoffin rassa, sanya farin akwati da sansanonin rassan, kuma, ba shakka, lura sosai da yanayin makwabtan cherry makwabta a yankin gonar.
Maaka tsuntsu ceri itace mai ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa tare da adadin kayan ado da fa'idodi masu amfani. Duk da cewa fruitsa fruitsan itacen ta basa cin ɗan adam, sun dace da ƙera kayan kwalliyar magani da ƙoshin abincihakan na iya magance matsalolin hanji da yawa.
Lokacin zabar ceri na tsuntsu don lambun ku, ya kamata ku kula da wannan bishiyar mara kyau, wanda zai dace da kowane yanayin yanayin ƙasa, ƙirƙirar inuwa kan yankin hutu da tsoratar da sauro daga gare ta, tare da ƙirƙirar yanayi na waƙoƙi ga masu gonar.
Ba da daɗewa ba me itacen yana alfahari da irin wannan juriya ga cututtuka, saukin rayuwa, rashin daidaituwa ga ƙasa da yanayi, kulawa mara ƙamshi, haɓaka mai sauri da kyan gani na waje na waje, kamar tsuntsun Maak tsuntsu.